Inequalities in socioeconomic status and race and the odds of undergoing a mammogram in Brazil

International Journal for Equity in Health

Research

Dóra Chor¹  Enirtes Caetano Prates Melo²  Evangelina Xavier Gouveia de Oliveira³  Rejane Sobrino Pinheiro⁴  Marilia Sá Carvalho⁵ 

[1] Department of Epidemiology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation -DEMQS/ENSP, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, room 806. Manguinhos, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Department of Epidemiology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation -DEMQS/ENSP, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, room 806. Manguinhos, 21041-210, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Health Information and Networks Research Group, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Health Information and Networks Research Group, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Institute for Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Health Information and Networks Research Group, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;Health Information and Networks Research Group, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;

关键词: Mammogram;    Health inequalities;    Access to health services;    Health equity;    Information systems;    Race;    Brazil;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12939-016-0435-4

 received in 2016-02-24, accepted in 2016-09-05,  发布年份 2016

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundAccess to mammograms, in common with other diagnostic procedures, is strongly conditioned by socioeconomic disparities. Which aspects of inequality affect the odds of undergoing a mammogram, and whether they are the same in different localities, are relevant issues related to the success of health policies.MethodsThis study analyzed data from the 2008 PNAD - Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (11.607 million women 40 years of age or older), on having had at least one mammogram over life for women 40 years of age or older in each of Brazil’s nine Metropolitan Regions (MR), according to socioeconomic position. The effects of income, schooling, health insurance and race in the different regions were investigated using multivariate logistical regression for each region individually, and for all MRs combined. The age-adjusted odds of a woman having had a mammogram according to race and stratified by two income strata (and two schooling strata) were also analyzed.ResultsHaving a higher income increases four to seven times a woman’s odds of having had at least one mammogram in all MRs except Curitiba. For schooling, the gradient, though less steep, is favorable to women with more years of study. Having health insurance increases two to three times the odds in all MRs. Multivariate analysis did not show differences due to race (except for the Fortaleza MR), but the stratified analysis by income and schooling shows effects of race in most MRs, with greater differences for women with higher socioeconomic status.ConclusionsThis study confirms that income and schooling, as well as having health insurance, are still important determinants of inequality in health service use in Brazil. Additionally, race also contributes to the odds of having had a mammogram. The point is not to isolate the effect of each factor, but to evaluate how their interrelations may exacerbate differences, generating patterns of cumulative adversity, a theme that is still little explored in Brazil. This is much more important when we consider that race has only recently started be included in analyses of health outcomes in Brazil.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s). 2016