Insecticide resistance patterns in Uganda and the effect of indoor residual spraying with bendiocarb on kdr L1014S frequencies in Anopheles gambiae s.s.

Malaria Journal

Research

Irene Kyomuhangi¹  Godfrey Magumba¹  James Ssekitooleko¹  Michelle E. H. Helinski²  Sylvia R. Meek²  Tarekegn A. Abeku²  Matthew J. Kirby³  Michael Okia⁴  Chris Bass⁵ 

[1] Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25, Upper Naguru East Road, Naguru, Kampala, Uganda;Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, EC2A 4LT, London, UK;Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, EC2A 4LT, London, UK;London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK;National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda;Uganda IRS Project Phase II/Abt Associates Inc., Kampala, Uganda;University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Treliever Road, TR10 9FE, Penryn, UK;Rothamsted Research, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK;

关键词: Malaria;    Anopheles gambiae;    Pyrethroids;    kdr;    Resistance;    Bendiocarb;    Insecticide-treated nets;    Indoor residual spraying;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12936-017-1799-7

 received in 2017-02-02, accepted in 2017-04-04,  发布年份 2017

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundResistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroid insecticides has been attributed to selection pressure from long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and the use of chemicals in agriculture. The use of different classes of insecticides in combination or by rotation has been recommended for resistance management. The aim of this study was to understand the role of IRS with a carbamate insecticide in management of pyrethroid resistance.MethodsAnopheles mosquitoes were collected from multiple sites in nine districts of Uganda (up to five sites per district). Three districts had been sprayed with bendiocarb. Phenotypic resistance was determined using standard susceptibility tests. Molecular assays were used to determine the frequency of resistance mutations. The kdr L1014S homozygote frequency in Anopheles gambiae s.s. was used as the outcome measure to test the effects of various factors using a logistic regression model. Bendiocarb coverage, annual rainfall, altitude, mosquito collection method, LLIN use, LLINs distributed in the previous 5 years, household use of agricultural pesticides, and malaria prevalence in children 2–9 years old were entered as explanatory variables.ResultsTests with pyrethroid insecticides showed resistance and suspected resistance levels in all districts except Apac (a sprayed district). Bendiocarb resistance was not detected in sprayed sites, but was confirmed in one unsprayed site (Soroti). Anopheles gambiae s.s. collected from areas sprayed with bendiocarb had significantly less kdr homozygosity than those collected from unsprayed areas. Mosquitoes collected indoors as adults had significantly higher frequency of kdr homozygotes than mosquitoes collected as larvae, possibly indicating selective sampling of resistant adults, presumably due to exposure to insecticides inside houses that would disproportionately affect susceptible mosquitoes. The effect of LLIN use on kdr homozygosity was significantly modified by annual rainfall. In areas receiving high rainfall, LLIN use was associated with increased kdr homozygosity and this association weakened as rainfall decreased, indicating more frequency of exposure to pyrethroids in relatively wet areas with high vector density.ConclusionThis study suggests that using a carbamate insecticide for IRS in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance may reduce kdr frequencies in An. gambiae s.s.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s) 2017