Gene conversion and purifying selection shape nucleotide variation in gibbon L/M opsin genes

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Research Article

Shunji Goto¹  Akichika Mikami²  Bambang Suryobroto³  Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah⁴  Shoji Kawamura⁵  Takafumi Katsumura⁵  Tomohide Hiwatashi⁵  Hiroki Oota⁶  Suchinda Malaivijitnond⁷  Boripat Siriaroonrat⁸ 

[1] Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kanrin, 484-8506, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, 252-5301, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan;Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kanrin, 484-8506, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan;Department of Rehabilitaion, Chubu Gakuin University, Kirigaoka 2-1, 501-3993, Seki, Gifu, Japan;Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680, Bogor, Indonesia;Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680, Bogor, Indonesia;Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Lodaya II/5, 16151, Bogor, Indonesia;Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan;Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 277-8562, Kashiwa, Japan;Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato 1-15-1, 252-0374, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan;Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand;Research and Conservation Division, Zoological Park Organization (ZPO), Bangkok, Thailand;

关键词: Gene Conversion;    Color Vision;    World Monkey;    Synonymous Site;    Nucleotide Site;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-11-312

 received in 2011-05-26, accepted in 2011-10-22,  发布年份 2011

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundRoutine trichromatic color vision is a characteristic feature of catarrhines (humans, apes and Old World monkeys). This is enabled by L and M opsin genes arrayed on the X chromosome and an autosomal S opsin gene. In non-human catarrhines, genetic variation affecting the color vision phenotype is reported to be absent or rare in both L and M opsin genes, despite the suggestion that gene conversion has homogenized the two genes. However, nucleotide variation of both introns and exons among catarrhines has only been examined in detail for the L opsin gene of humans and chimpanzees. In the present study, we examined the nucleotide variation of gibbon (Catarrhini, Hylobatidae) L and M opsin genes. Specifically, we focused on the 3.6~3.9-kb region that encompasses the centrally located exon 3 through exon 5, which encode the amino acid sites functional for the spectral tuning of the genes.ResultsAmong 152 individuals representing three genera (Hylobates, Nomascus and Symphalangus), all had both L and M opsin genes and no L/M hybrid genes. Among 94 individuals subjected to the detailed DNA sequencing, the nucleotide divergence between L and M opsin genes in the exons was significantly higher than the divergence in introns in each species. The ratio of the inter-LM divergence to the intra-L/M polymorphism was significantly lower in the introns than that in synonymous sites. When we reconstructed the phylogenetic tree using the exon sequences, the L/M gene duplication was placed in the common ancestor of catarrhines, whereas when intron sequences were used, the gene duplications appeared multiple times in different species. Using the GENECONV program, we also detected that tracts of gene conversions between L and M opsin genes occurred mostly within the intron regions.ConclusionsThese results indicate the historical accumulation of gene conversions between L and M opsin genes in the introns in gibbons. Our study provides further support for the homogenizing role of gene conversion between the L and M opsin genes and for the purifying selection against such homogenization in the central exons to maintain the spectral difference between L and M opsins in non-human catarrhines.

【 授权许可】

Unknown   
© Hiwatashi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.