Pesticides in house dust from urban and farmworker households in California: an observational measurement study

Environmental Health

Research

Marcia Nishioka¹  Martha E Harnly²  Brenda Eskenazi³  Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá³  Jeannette Ferber³  Asa Bradman³  Thomas E McKone⁴  Alan Hubbard⁵ 

[1] Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, 43201, Columbus, OH, USA;California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway P-3, 94804, Richmond, CA, USA;Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue Suite 265, 94704, Berkeley, CA, USA;Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue Suite 265, 94704, Berkeley, CA, USA;Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Mail stop 90R3058, 95720, Berkeley, CA, USA;Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 50 University Hall, MC 7356, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA;

关键词: Malathion;    House Dust;    Diazinon;    Dust Sample;    Cypermethrin;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1476-069X-10-19

 received in 2010-08-03, accepted in 2011-03-16,  发布年份 2011

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundStudies report that residential use of pesticides in low-income homes is common because of poor housing conditions and pest infestations; however, exposure data on contemporary-use pesticides in low-income households is limited. We conducted a study in low-income homes from urban and agricultural communities to: characterize and compare house dust levels of agricultural and residential-use pesticides; evaluate the correlation of pesticide concentrations in samples collected several days apart; examine whether concentrations of pesticides phased-out for residential uses, but still used in agriculture (i.e., chlorpyrifos and diazinon) have declined in homes in the agricultural community; and estimate resident children's pesticide exposures via inadvertent dust ingestion.MethodsIn 2006, we collected up to two dust samples 5-8 days apart from each of 13 urban homes in Oakland, California and 15 farmworker homes in Salinas, California, an agricultural community (54 samples total). We measured 22 insecticides including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diazinon-oxon, malathion, methidathion, methyl parathion, phorate, and tetrachlorvinphos) and pyrethroids (allethrin-two isomers, bifenthrin, cypermethrin-four isomers, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, imiprothrin, permethrin-two isomers, prallethrin, and sumithrin), one phthalate herbicide (chlorthal-dimethyl), one dicarboximide fungicide (iprodione), and one pesticide synergist (piperonyl butoxide).ResultsMore than half of the households reported applying pesticides indoors. Analytes frequently detected in both locations included chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, allethrin, cypermethrin, and piperonyl butoxide; no differences in concentrations or loadings were observed between locations for these analytes. Chlorthal-dimethyl was detected solely in farmworker homes, suggesting contamination due to regional agricultural use. Concentrations in samples collected 5-8 days apart in the same home were strongly correlated for the majority of the frequently detected analytes (Spearman ρ = 0.70-1.00, p < 0.01). Additionally, diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations in Salinas farmworker homes were 40-80% lower than concentrations reported in samples from Salinas farmworker homes studied between 2000-2002, suggesting a temporal reduction after their residential phase-out. Finally, estimated non-dietary pesticide intake for resident children did not exceed current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) recommended chronic reference doses (RfDs).ConclusionLow-income children are potentially exposed to a mixture of pesticides as a result of poorer housing quality. Historical or current pesticide use indoors is likely to contribute to ongoing exposures. Agricultural pesticide use may also contribute to additional exposures to some pesticides in rural areas. Although children's non-dietary intake did not exceed U.S. EPA RfDs for select pesticides, this does not ensure that children are free of any health risks as RfDs have their own limitations, and the children may be exposed indoors via other pathways. The frequent pesticide use reported and high detection of several home-use pesticides in house dust suggests that families would benefit from integrated pest management strategies to control pests and minimize current and future exposures.

【 授权许可】

Unknown   
© Quirós-Alcalá et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.