Association between levels of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue and cryptorchidism in early childhood: a case–control study

Environmental Health

Research

Jaakko Matomäki¹  Ida N. Damgaard²  Niels E. Skakkebaek³  Katharina M. Main³  Timo Hurme⁴  Helena E. Virtanen⁵  Jorma Toppari⁵  Jaakko J. Koskenniemi⁶  Hannu Kiviranta⁷  Jørgen M. Thorup⁸ 

[1] Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8 PL 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland;Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark;Department of Paediatric Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8 PL 52, FI-20521, Turku, Finland;Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland;Departments of Physiology and Paediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland;Department of Growth and Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland;The Department of Paediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark;Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark;

关键词: Cryptorchidism;    PCBs;    PCDD/Fs;    Dioxins;    PBDEs;    Testis;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12940-015-0065-0

 received in 2015-05-26, accepted in 2015-09-16,  发布年份 2015

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundCongenital cryptorchidism, i.e. failure of the testicular descent to the bottom of the scrotum, is a common birth defect. The evidence from epidemiological, wildlife, and animal studies suggests that exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals during fetal development may play a role in its pathogenesis. We aimed to assess the association between cryptorchidism and prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).MethodsWe conducted a case–control study consisting of 44 cryptorchid cases, and 38 controls operated for inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, or hydrocele at the Turku University Hospital or Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen in 2002–2006. During the operation a subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy was taken. Samples were analysed for 37 PCBs, 17 PCDD/Fs and 14 PBDEs by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chemical concentrations were adjusted for postnatal variation introduced by differences in duration of breastfeeding, age at the operation, and country of origin with a multiple linear regression. Association between adjusted and unadjusted chemical concentrations and the risk of cryptorchidism were analysed with logistic regression to get an estimate for odds ratio (OR) of cryptorchidism per multiplication of chemical concentrations with ca. 2.71 (Napier’s constant).ResultsTotal-TEq i.e. the WHO-recommended 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalent quantity of 17 dioxins and 12 dioxin-like PCBs and sum of PCDD/Fs were positively associated with cryptorchidism [OR 3.21 (95 % CI 1.29–9.09), OR 3.69 (95 % CI 1.45–10.9), respectively], when adjusting for country of origin, the duration the child was breastfed, and age at operation. The association between the sum of PCBs and cryptorchidism was close to significant [OR 1.92 (95 % CI 0.98–4.01)], whereas the association between the sum of PBDEs and cryptorchidism was not [OR 0.86 (95 % CI 0.47–1.54)]. There were no associations between unadjusted chemical concentrations and the risk of cryptorchidism.ConclusionsPrenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCDD/F-like PCBs may be associated with increased risk for cryptorchidism. Our finding does not exclude the possibility of an association between the exposure to PBDEs and cryptorchidism.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Koskenniemi et al. 2015