Early life microbial exposure and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in school-age children: a prospective birth cohort study

Environmental Health

Research

Maties Torrent¹  Raquel Garcia-Esteban²  Jan-Paul Zock²  Lidia Casas²  Alícia Borràs-Santos²  Jordi Sunyer³  Anne Hyvärinen⁴  Johan de Jongste⁵  Dirkje S Postma⁶  Elisabeth Thiering⁷  Joachim Heinrich⁷  Christina Tischer⁷  Ulrike Gehring⁸  Inge M Wouters⁸  Henriëtte A Smit⁹ 

[1] Area de Salud de Menorca, IB-SALUT, Menorca, Spain;Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain;CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain;CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain;Department Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland;Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC research institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany;Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

关键词: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide;    Endotoxin;    Extracellular polysaccharides;    β(1,3)-D-glucan;    Pets;    Dampness;    Indoor;    Children;    Cohort study;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1476-069X-12-103

 received in 2013-05-13, accepted in 2013-11-22,  发布年份 2013

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundInflammation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Early life exposure to microbial agents may have an effect on the development of the immune system and on respiratory health later in life.In the present work we aimed to evaluate the associations between early life microbial exposures, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) at school age.MethodsEndotoxin, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and β(1,3)-D-glucan were measured in living room dust collected at 2–3 months of age in homes of participants of three prospective European birth cohorts (LISA, n = 182; PIAMA, n = 244; and INMA, n = 355). Home dampness and pet ownership were periodically reported by the parents through questionnaires. FeNO was measured at age 8 for PIAMA and at age 10/11 for LISA and INMA. Cohort-specific associations between the indoor microbial exposures and FeNO were evaluated using multivariable regression analyses. Estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analyses.ResultsFeNO at school age was lower in children exposed to endotoxin at age 2–3 months (β -0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.10;-0.01) and in children with reported dog ownership during the first two years of life (GM ratio 0.82, CI 0.70-0.96). FeNO was not significantly associated with early life exposure to EPS, β(1,3)-D-glucan, indoor dampness and cat ownership.ConclusionEarly life exposure to bacterial endotoxin and early life dog ownership are associated with lower FeNO at school age. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and to unravel the underlying mechanisms and possible clinical relevance of this finding.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Casas et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013