Host-induced aneuploidy and phenotypic diversification in the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

BMC Genomics

Research Article

Mai Bui¹  Takao Kasuga¹  Matteo Garbelotto²  Kamyar Aram³  David M. Rizzo³  Liliana M. Cano⁴  Joan Webber⁵  Clive Brasier⁵  Niklaus J. Grünwald⁶  Caroline Press⁶  Elizabeth Bernhardt⁷  Tedmund Swiecki⁷ 

[1]Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 95616, Davis, California, USA

[2]Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 947020, Berkeley, California, USA

[3]Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, 95616, Davis, California, USA

[4]Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Indian River Research and Education Center, 34945, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA

[5]Forest Research, GU10 4LH, Farnham, Surrey, UK

[6]Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 97330, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

[7]Phytosphere Research, 95687, Vacaville, California, USA

关键词: Invasive pathogens;    Aneuploidy;    Transposable elements;    Loss of heterozygosity;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12864-016-2717-z

 received in 2016-02-11, accepted in 2016-04-28,  发布年份 2016

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundAneuploidy can result in significant phenotypic changes, which can sometimes be selectively advantageous. For example, aneuploidy confers resistance to antifungal drugs in human pathogenic fungi. Aneuploidy has also been observed in invasive fungal and oomycete plant pathogens in the field. Environments conducive to the generation of aneuploids, the underlying genetic mechanisms, and the contribution of aneuploidy to invasiveness are underexplored. We studied phenotypic diversification and associated genome changes in Phytophthora ramorum, a highly destructive oomycete pathogen with a wide host-range that causes Sudden Oak Death in western North America and Sudden Larch Death in the UK. Introduced populations of the pathogen are exclusively clonal. In California, oak (Quercus spp.) isolates obtained from trunk cankers frequently exhibit host-dependent, atypical phenotypes called non-wild type (nwt), apparently without any host-associated population differentiation. Based on a large survey of genotypes from different hosts, we previously hypothesized that the environment in oak cankers may be responsible for the observed phenotypic diversification in P. ramorum.ResultsWe show that both normal wild type (wt) and nwt phenotypes were obtained when wt P. ramorum isolates from the foliar host California bay (Umbellularia californica) were re-isolated from cankers of artificially-inoculated canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis). We also found comparable nwt phenotypes in P. ramorum isolates from a bark canker of Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) in the UK; previously nwt was not known to occur in this pathogen population. High-throughput sequencing-based analyses identified major genomic alterations including partial aneuploidy and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity predominantly in nwt isolates. Chromosomal breakpoints were located at or near transposons.ConclusionThis work demonstrates that major genome alterations of a pathogen can be induced by its host species. This is an undocumented type of plant-microbe interaction, and its contribution to pathogen evolution is yet to be investigated, but one of the potential collateral effects of nwt phenotypes may be host survival.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Kasuga et al. 2016