Environmental Health | |
The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren | |
Research | |
Xavier Dumont1  Vincent Haufroid1  Hongyu Wang1  Alfred Bernard1  | |
[1] Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium; | |
关键词: Cadmium; Biomarker; Club cell protein; alfa-microglobulin; Protein HC; Retinol-binding protein; β-microglobulin; | |
DOI : 10.1186/s12940-017-0306-5 | |
received in 2016-11-22, accepted in 2017-09-03, 发布年份 2017 | |
来源: Springer | |
【 摘 要 】
BackgroundRecent studies in children have reported associations of urinary cadmium (U-Cd), used as biomarker of Cd body burden, with renal dysfunction, retarded growth and impaired cognitive development in children. Little is known, however, about factors influencing U-Cd in children and likely to act as confounders.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study involving 249 schoolchildren (mean age, 5.72 years; 138 boys), we measured the urine concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead, albumin, alpha1-microglobulin (A1M), retinol-binding protein, β2-microglobulin and club cell protein (CC16). Determinants of U-Cd expressed per creatinine or adjusted to specific gravity were identified by multiple regression analyses.ResultsGirls and boys had similar median concentrations of U-Cd (0.22 and 0.24 μg/L, 0.33 and 0.35 μg/g creatinine, respectively). When models were run without including creatinine or specific gravity among independent variables, urinary zinc, urinary A1M and age emerged as the strongest predictors of U-Cd expressed per g creatinine or adjusted to SG. When adding creatinine among predictors, urinary creatinine emerged as an additional strong predictor correlating negatively with U-Cd per g creatinine. This strong residual influence of diuresis, not seen when adding specific gravity among predictors, linked U-Cd to U-A1M or U-CC16 through secondary associations mimicking those induced by Cd nephrotoxity.ConclusionsIn young children U-Cd largely varies with diuresis, zinc metabolism and urinary A1M. These physiological determinants, unrelated to Cd body burden, may confound the child renal and developmental outcomes associated with low-level U-Cd.
【 授权许可】
CC BY
© The Author(s). 2017
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
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RO202311103819369ZK.pdf | 2059KB | download |
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