Design of a study to determine the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector control: a multi-country investigation

Malaria Journal

Case Study

Martin Akogbeto¹  Kamaraju Raghavendra²  Neena Valecha²  Rajendra Bhatt²  Dipak K Swain²  Teresa Kinyari³  Krishanthi Subramaniam⁴  Martin James Donnelly⁵  Aurore Hounto⁶  Achile Massougbodji⁶  Khalid Elmardi⁷  Hmooda Toto Kafy⁷  Zinga José Nkuni⁸  Tessa Bellamy Knox⁸  Abraham Peter Mnzava⁸  Charles Mbogo⁹  Lawrence Muthami^1,10  Luna Kamau^1,11  Evan Mathenge^1,12  Nabie Bayoh^1,13  Eric Ochomo^1,13  Adam Ismail Bashir^1,14  Philippa West^1,15  John Bradley^1,15  Immo Kleinschmidt^1,16  Kiambo Njagi^1,17  Elfatih M Malik^1,18  Etienne Fondjo^1,19  Celestin Kouambeng^1,19  Jude Bigoga^2,20  Herman Parfait Awono-Ambene^2,21  Josiane Etang^2,22  Alioun Adechoubou^2,23  Mariam Okê-Sopoh^2,23 

[1] Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin;Department of Health Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, (GoI), Sector 8, Dwarka, 110 077, Delhi, India;Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK;Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK;Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK;Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin;Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 1204, Khartoum, Sudan;Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland;KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, P.O. Box 230, 80108, Kilifi, Kenya;KEMRI Centre for Public Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya;KEMRI-Centre for Biotechnology and Research Development, Nairobi, Kenya;KEMRI-Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya;KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, PO Box 1578, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya;Khartoum State Malaria Control Programme, VBDC, P.O. Box 1517, Khartoum, Sudan;School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK;MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK;School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;Ministry of Health, Malaria Control Unit, PO Box 1992, 00202, Nairobi, Kenya;Ministry of Health, Wad Madani, Gezera State, Sudan;National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, PO Box 14386, Yaoundé, Cameroon;National Reference Unit (NRU) for Vector Control, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 3851, Messa, Yaoundé, Cameroon;Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon;Organisation de Coordination pour la Lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon;Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon;Programme National de Lutte conte le Paludisme (PNLP), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Benin;

关键词: Malaria;    Malaria Case;    Indoor Residual Spray;    Malaria Vector;    Insecticide Resistance;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12936-015-0782-4

 received in 2015-02-07, accepted in 2015-06-28,  发布年份 2015

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundProgress in reducing the malaria disease burden through the substantial scale up of insecticide-based vector control in recent years could be reversed by the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance. The impact of insecticide resistance on the protective effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) is not known. A multi-country study was undertaken in Sudan, Kenya, India, Cameroon and Benin to quantify the potential loss of epidemiological effectiveness of ITNs and IRS due to decreased susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides. The design of the study is described in this paper.MethodsMalaria disease incidence rates by active case detection in cohorts of children, and indicators of insecticide resistance in local vectors were monitored in each of approximately 300 separate locations (clusters) with high coverage of malaria vector control over multiple malaria seasons. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance was assessed annually. In two countries, Sudan and India, clusters were randomly assigned to receive universal coverage of ITNs only, or universal coverage of ITNs combined with high coverage of IRS. Association between malaria incidence and insecticide resistance, and protective effectiveness of vector control methods and insecticide resistance were estimated, respectively.ResultsCohorts have been set up in all five countries, and phenotypic resistance data have been collected in all clusters. In Sudan, Kenya, Cameroon and Benin data collection is due to be completed in 2015. In India data collection will be completed in 2016.DiscussionThe paper discusses challenges faced in the design and execution of the study, the analysis plan, the strengths and weaknesses, and the possible alternatives to the chosen study design.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Kleinschmidt et al. 2015