Socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Spain

Environmental Health

Research

Adonina Tardon¹  Cristina M Villanueva²  Gemma Castaño-Vinyals²  Manolis Kogevinas³  Núria Malats⁴  Kenneth P Cantor⁵  Nathaniel Rothman⁵  Debra Silverman⁵  Alfredo Carrato⁶  Reina Garcia-Closas⁷  Consol Serra⁸ 

[1] CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain;Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain;CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain;CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain;Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Herakleion, Crete, Greece;Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain;Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, USA;Hospital General de Elche, Elche, Spain;Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain;Consorci Hospitalari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain;

关键词: Bottle Water;    Swimming Pool;    Public Supply;    Public Water Supply;    Dermal Contact;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1476-069X-10-18

 received in 2010-04-21, accepted in 2011-03-16,  发布年份 2011

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundDisinfection by-products in drinking water are chemical contaminants that have been associated with cancer and other adverse effects. Exposure occurs from consumption of tap water, inhalation and dermal absorption.MethodsWe determined the relationship between socioeconomic status and exposure to disinfection by-products in 1271 controls from a multicentric bladder cancer case-control study in Spain. Information on lifetime drinking water sources, swimming pool attendance, showering-bathing practices, and socioeconomic status (education, income) was collected through personal interviews.ResultsThe most highly educated subjects consumed less tap water (57%) and more bottled water (33%) than illiterate subjects (69% and 17% respectively, p-value = 0.003). These differences became wider in recent time periods. The time spent bathing or showering was positively correlated with attained educational level (p < 0.001). Swimming pool attendance was more frequent among highly educated subjects compared to the illiterate (odds ratio = 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.6-7.3).ConclusionsThe most highly educated subjects were less exposed to chlorination by-products through ingestion but more exposed through dermal contact and inhalation in pools and showers/baths. Health risk perceptions and economic capacity may affect patterns of water consumption that can result in differences in exposure to water contaminants.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Castaño-Vinyals et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011