Implementation of a pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial to evaluate impact of Botswana’s Xpert MTB/RIF diagnostic algorithm on TB diagnostic sensitivity and early antiretroviral therapy mortality

BMC Infectious Diseases

Study Protocol

Joyce Basotli¹  Anikie Mathoma¹  Sambayawo Gwebe-Nyirenda¹  Tefera Agizew¹  Rosanna Boyd²  Alyssa Finlay²  James Shepherd³  Tedd V. Ellerbrock⁴  Anand Date⁴  Andrew F. Auld⁴  Sherri Pals⁴  Heather Alexander⁴  Ndwapi Ndwapi⁵ 

[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botswana, Plot 14818 Lebatlane Road, Gaborone, Botswana;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botswana, Plot 14818 Lebatlane Road, Gaborone, Botswana;Division of TB Elimination, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis and STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, 30333, Atlanta, GA, USA;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Botswana, Plot 14818 Lebatlane Road, Gaborone, Botswana;Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA;Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, 30333, Atlanta, GA, USA;Ministerial Strategy Office, Ministry of Health, 24 Amos Street, Gaborone, Botswana;

关键词: Xpert MTB/RIF;    Diagnostic accuracy;    Sensitivity;    Antiretroviral therapy;    People living with HIV;    Mortality;    Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial;    Botswana;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12879-016-1905-4

 received in 2016-07-12, accepted in 2016-10-08,  发布年份 2016

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundIn 2012, as a pilot for Botswana’s national Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) rollout plans, intensified tuberculosis (TB) case finding (ICF) activities were strengthened at 22 HIV treatment clinics prior to phased activation of 13 Xpert instruments. Together, the strengthened ICF intervention and Xpert activation are referred to as the “Xpert package”.MethodsThe evaluation, called the Xpert Package Rollout Evaluation using a Stepped-wedge design (XPRES), has two key objectives: (1) to compare sensitivity of microscopy-based and Xpert-based pulmonary TB diagnostic algorithms in diagnosing sputum culture-positive TB; and (2) to evaluate impact of the “Xpert package” on all-cause, 6-month, adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality. A pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design was chosen. The design involves enrollment of three cohorts: (1) cohort R, a retrospective cohort of all study clinic ART enrollees in the 24 months before study initiation (July 31, 2012); (2) cohort A, a prospective cohort of all consenting patients presenting to study clinics after study initiation, who received the ICF intervention and the microscopy-based TB diagnostic algorithm; and (3) cohort B, a prospective cohort of all consenting patients presenting to study clinics after Xpert activation, who received the ICF intervention and the Xpert-based TB diagnostic algorithm. TB diagnostic sensitivity will be compared between TB culture-positive enrollees in cohorts A and B. All-cause, 6-month ART-mortality will be compared between cohorts R and B. With anticipated cohort R, A, and B sample sizes of about 10,131, 1,878, and 4,258, respectively, the study is estimated to have >80 % power to detect differences in pre-versus post-Xpert TB diagnostic sensitivity if pre-Xpert sensitivity is ≤52.5 % and post-Xpert sensitivity ≥82.5 %, and >80 % power to detect a 40 % reduction in all-cause, 6-month, ART mortality between cohorts R and B if cohort R mortality is ≥13/100 person-years.DiscussionOnly one small previous trial (N = 424) among ART enrolees in Zimbabwe evaluated, in a secondary analysis, Xpert impact on all-cause 6-month ART mortality. No mortality impact was observed. This Botswana trial, with its larger sample size and powered specifically to detect differences in all-cause 6-month ART mortality, remains well-positioned to contribute understanding of Xpert impact.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02538952.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s). 2016