The burden of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular risk factors among adult Malawians in HIV care: consequences for integrated services

BMC Public Health

Research Article

Noel Kayange¹  Jane Mallewa¹  Theresa J. Allain¹  Moffat J. Nyirenda¹  Colin Pfaff²  Victor Singano²  Alfred Matengeni²  Josh Berman²  Oscar H. Divala²  Adrienne K. Chan²  Harriet Akello²  Alemayehu Amberbir²  Teferi Beyene²  Daniela Garone²  Joep J. van Oosterhout³  Sumeet K. Sodhi⁴  Gift S. Chinomba⁵  Martias Joshua⁶  Zahra Ismail⁷ 

[1] Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi;Dignitas International, PO Box 1071, Zomba, Malawi;Dignitas International, PO Box 1071, Zomba, Malawi;Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi;Dignitas International, PO Box 1071, Zomba, Malawi;Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada;Ministry of Health, District Health Office, Zomba, Malawi;Ministry of Health, Zomba Central Hospital, Zomba, Malawi;Pirimiti Rural Hospital, Pirimiti, Malawi;

关键词: HIV;    Hypertension;    Diabetes;    Malawi;    Antiretroviral;    Integrated;    Cardiovascular;    Africa;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12889-016-3916-x

 received in 2016-03-13, accepted in 2016-12-08,  发布年份 2016

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundHypertension and diabetes prevalence is high in Africans. Data from HIV infected populations are limited, especially from Malawi. Integrating care for chronic non-communicable co-morbidities in well-established HIV services may provide benefit for patients by preventing multiple hospital visits but will increase the burden of care for busy HIV clinics.MethodsCross-sectional study of adults (≥18 years) at an urban and a rural HIV clinic in Zomba district, Malawi, during 2014. Hypertension and diabetes were diagnosed according to stringent criteria. Proteinuria, non-fasting lipids and cardio/cerebro-vascular disease (CVD) risk scores (Framingham and World Health Organization/International Society for Hypertension) were determined. The association of patient characteristics with diagnoses of hypertension and diabetes was studied using multivariable analyses. We explored the additional burden of care for integrated drug treatment of hypertension and diabetes in HIV clinics. We defined that burden as patients with diabetes and/or stage II and III hypertension, but not with stage I hypertension unless they had proteinuria, previous stroke or high Framingham CVD risk.ResultsNine hundred fifty-two patients were enrolled, 71.7% female, median age 43.0 years, 95.9% on antiretroviral therapy (ART), median duration 47.7 months. Rural and urban patients’ characteristics differed substantially. Hypertension prevalence was 23.7% (95%-confidence interval 21.1–26.6; rural 21.0% vs. urban 26.5%; p = 0.047), of whom 59.9% had stage I (mild) hypertension. Diabetes prevalence was 4.1% (95%-confidence interval 3.0–5.6) without significant difference between rural and urban settings. Prevalence of proteinuria, elevated total/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio and high CVD risk score was low. Hypertension diagnosis was associated with increasing age, higher body mass index, presence of proteinuria, being on regimen zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine and inversely with World Health Organization clinical stage at ART initiation. Diabetes diagnosis was associated with higher age and being on non-standard first-line or second-line ART regimens.ConclusionAmong patients in HIV care 26.6% had hypertension and/or diabetes. Close to two-thirds of hypertension diagnoses was stage I and of those few had an indication for antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. According to our criteria, 13.0% of HIV patients in care required drug treatment for hypertension and/or diabetes.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s). 2017