Unhealthy smokers: scopes for prophylactic intervention and clinical treatment

BMC Neuroscience

Review

Shikha Prasad¹  Mohammad Abul Kaisar²  Luca Cucullo³ 

[1] Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611, Chicago, Illinois, USA;Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, 79106, Amarillo, TX, USA;Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, 79106, Amarillo, TX, USA;Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 79106, Amarillo, TX, USA;

关键词: Environment;    Inflammation;    Epigenetic;    Smoking cessation;    Addiction;    Intervention;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12868-017-0388-6

 received in 2017-05-25, accepted in 2017-09-21,  发布年份 2017

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundGlobally, tobacco use causes approximately 6 million deaths per year, and predictions report that with current trends; more than 8 million deaths are expected annually by 2030. Cigarette smokings is currently accountable for more than 480,000 deaths each year in United States (US) and is the leading cause of preventable death in the US. On average, smokers die 10 years earlier than nonsmokers and if smoking continues at its current proportion among adolescents, one in every 13 Americans aged 17 years or younger is expected to die prematurely from a smoking-related illness. Even though there has been a marginal smoking decline of around 5% in recent years (2005 vs 2015), smokers still account for 15% of the US adult population. What is also concerning is that 41,000 out of 480,000 deaths results from secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Herein, we provide a detailed review of health complications and major pathological mechanisms including mutation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hemodynamic and plasma protein changes associated with chronic smoking. Further, we discuss prophylactic interventions and associated benefits and provide a rationale for the scope of clinical treatment.ConclusionsConsidering these premises, it is evident that much detailed translational and clinical studies are needed. Factors such as the length of smoking cessation for ex-smokers, the level of smoke exposure in case of SHS, pre-established health conditions, genetics (and epigenetics modification caused by chronic smoking) are few of the criteria that need to be evaluated to begin assessing the prophylactic and/or therapeutic impact of treatments aimed at chronic and former smokers (especially early stage ex-smokers) including those frequently subjected to second hand tobacco smoke exposure. Herein, we provide a detailed review of health complications and major pathological mechanisms including mutation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hemodynamic and plasma protein changes associated with chronic smoking. Further, we discuss about prophylactic interventions and associated benefits and provide a rationale and scope for clinical treatment.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s) 2017