Who are the haters? A corpus-based demographic analysis of authors of hate speech

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

Lisa Hilte¹  Walter Daelemans¹  Ilia Markov²  Darja Fišer³  Nikola Ljubešić⁴ 

[1] CLIPS, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;CLTL, Department of Language, Literature and Communication, Faculty of Humanities, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;Department of Knowledge Technologies, Institut Jožef Stefan (IJS), Ljubljana, Slovenia;Institute of Contemporary History, Ljubljana, Slovenia;Department of Translation, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia;Department of Knowledge Technologies, Institut Jožef Stefan (IJS), Ljubljana, Slovenia;Laboratory for Cognitive Modeling, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia;Institute of Contemporary History, Ljubljana, Slovenia;

关键词: hate speech;    demographics;    age;    gender;    language area;   

DOI  :  10.3389/frai.2023.986890

 received in 2022-07-05, accepted in 2023-04-28,  发布年份 2023

来源: Frontiers

【 摘 要 】

IntroductionWe examine the profiles of hate speech authors in a multilingual dataset of Facebook reactions to news posts discussing topics related to migrants and the LGBT+ community. The included languages are English, Dutch, Slovenian, and Croatian.MethodsFirst, all utterances were manually annotated as hateful or acceptable speech. Next, we used binary logistic regression to inspect how the production of hateful comments is impacted by authors' profiles (i.e., their age, gender, and language).ResultsOur results corroborate previous findings: in all four languages, men produce more hateful comments than women, and people produce more hate speech as they grow older. But our findings also add important nuance to previously attested tendencies: specific age and gender dynamics vary slightly in different languages or cultures, suggesting that distinct (e.g., socio-political) realities are at play.DiscussionFinally, we discuss why author demographics are important in the study of hate speech: the profiles of prototypical “haters” can be used for hate speech detection, for sensibilization on and for counter-initiatives to the spread of (online) hatred.

【 授权许可】

Unknown   
Copyright © 2023 Hilte, Markov, Ljubešić, Fišer and Daelemans.