Early access programs for medicines: comparative analysis among France, Italy, Spain, and UK and focus on the Italian case

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

Research

Claudio Jommi¹  Francesco Costa²  Patrizio Armeni²  Alice Tarantola²  Francesco Malandrini²  Monica Hildegard Otto³ 

[1]Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Guido Donegani, 2, 28100, Novara, Italy

[2]SDA Bocconi School of Management, Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), Milan, Italy

[3]SDA Bocconi School of Management, Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management (CERGAS), Milan, Italy

[4]Department of Social and Political Science, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy

关键词: Early access programs;    Off-label;    Medicines;    France;    Italy;    Spain;    UK;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s40545-023-00570-z

 received in 2023-01-17, accepted in 2023-05-02,  发布年份 2023

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

Early access programs (EAPs) generally refer to patient access to medicines/indications before marketing authorization, possibly extended to price and reimbursement approval. These programs include compassionate use, which is usually covered by pharmaceutical companies, and EAPs reimbursed by third-party payers. This paper aims at comparing EAPs in four European countries (France, Italy, Spain, UK) and providing empirical evidence on EAPs in Italy. The comparative analysis was conducted through a literature review (including scientific and grey literature), complemented by 30-min semi-structured interviews with local experts. The Italian empirical analysis employed data available on the National Medicines Agency website. Although EAPs are very different across countries, they exhibit some common features: (i) eligibility criteria refer to the absence of valid therapeutic alternatives and a presumed favourable risk–benefit profile; (ii) payers do not allocate a pre-determined budget to these programs; (iii) total spending on EAPs is unknown. The French EAPs seem to be the most structured, financed through social insurance, covering pre-marketing, post-marketing and pre-reimbursement phases and providing for data collection. Italy’s approach to EAPs has been varied, with several programs covered by different payers, including the cohort-based 648 List (for both early access and off-label use), the nominal-based 5% Fund, and Compassionate Use. Most applications to EAPs are from the Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug class (ATC L). Some 62% of indications in the 648 List are either not under clinical development or have never been approved (pure off-label use). For those subsequently approved, most approved indications coincide with those covered through EAPs. Only the 5% Fund provides data on economic impact (€ 81.2 million in 2021; average cost per patient € 61.5K). Diverse EAPs are a possible source of inequalities in access to medicines across Europe. A harmonization of these programs, though difficult to achieve, could be modelled on the French EAPs and provide key advantages, not least of which a common effort to collect real-world data in parallel with clinical trials and clear separation between EAPs and off-label use programs.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s) 2023

【 图 表 】

41116_2023_36_Article_IEq220.gif

Fig. 3

41116_2023_36_Article_IEq215.gif

41116_2023_36_Article_IEq212.gif

41116_2023_36_Article_IEq209.gif

Fig. 1

Fig. 3

41116_2023_36_Article_IEq202.gif