Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Nuclear Fushion

article

K. Baumann¹  W. Behr²  A. Benndorf³  O. Bertuch²  W. Biel²  D. Birus³  B. Blackwell⁴  E. Blanco⁵  M. Blatzheim³  T. Bluhm³  D. Böckenhoff³  P. Bolgert⁶  M. Borchardt³  V. Borsuk²  J. Boscary⁷  L.-G. Böttger³  H. Brand⁸  Ch. Brandt³  T. Bräuer³  H. Braune³  S. Brezinsek²  K.-J. Brunner³  B. Brünner³  R. Burhenn³  B. Buttenschön³  V. Bykov³  I. Calvo⁵  B. Cannas⁹  A. Cappa⁵  A. Carls³  L. Carraro^1,10  B. Carvalho^1,11  F. Castejon⁵  A. Charl²  F. Chernyshev^1,12  M. Cianciosa^1,13  R. Citarella^1,14  R.C. Wolf³  A. Ali³  A. Alonso⁵  J. Baldzuhn³  C. Beidler³  M. Beurskens³  C. Biedermann³  H.-S. Bosch³  S. Bozhenkov³  R. Brakel³  A. Dinklage³  Y. Feng³  G. Fuchert³  J. Geiger³  O. Grulke³  P. Helander³  M. Hirsch³  U. Höfel³  M. Jakubowski³  J. Knauer³  G. Kocsis^1,15  R. König³  P. Kornejew³  A. Krämer-Flecken²  M. Krychowiak³  M. Landreman^1,16  A. Langenberg³  H.P. Laqua³  S. Lazerson⁶  H. Maaßberg³  S. Marsen³  M. Marushchenko³  D. Moseev³  H. Niemann³  N. Pablant⁶  E. Pasch³  K. Rahbarnia³  G. Schlisio³  T. Stange³  T. Sunn Pedersen³  J. Svensson³  T. Szepesi^1,15  H. Trimino Mora³  Y. Turkin³  T. Wauters^1,17  G. Weir³  U. Wenzel³  T. Windisch³  G. Wurden^1,18  D. Zhang³  I. Abramovic³  S. Äkäslompolo³  P. Aleynikov³  K. Aleynikova³  R. Alzbutas^1,19  G. Anda^1,15  T. Andreeva³  E. Ascasibar⁵  J. Assmann²  S.-G. Baek^2,20  M. Banduch³  T. Barbui^2,21  M. Barlak^2,22  Ł. Ciupiński^2,23  G. Claps^2,24  M. Cole³  M.J. Cole^1,13  F. Cordella^2,24  G. Cseh^1,15  A. Czarnecka^2,25  A. Czermak^2,26  K. Czerski^2,27  M. Czerwinski⁷  G. Czymek²  A. da Molin^2,28  A. da Silva^1,11  G. Dammertz¹  J. Danielson^2,29  A. de la Pena⁵  S. Degenkolbe³  P. Denner²  D.P. Dhard³  M. Dostal²  M. Drevlak³  P. Drewelow³  Ph. Drews²  A. Dudek³  G. Dundulis^1,19  F. Durodie^1,17  P. van Eeten³  F. Effenberg^2,21  G. Ehrke³  M. Endler³  D. Ennis^3,30  E. Erckmann³  H. Esteban⁵  T. Estrada⁵  N. Fahrenkamp³  J.-H. Feist³  J. Fellinger³  H. Fernandes^1,11  W.H. Fietz¹  W. Figacz^2,25  J. Fontdecaba⁵  O. Ford³  T. Fornal^2,25  H. Frerichs^2,21  A. Freund²  M. Führer^3,31  T. Funaba^3,32  A. Galkowski^2,25  G. Gantenbein¹  Y. Gao²  J. García Regaña⁵  M. Garcia-Munoz⁵  D. Gates⁶  G. Gawlik^2,22  B. Geiger³  V. Giannella^1,14  N. Gierse²  A. Gogoleva^3,33  B. Goncalves^1,11  A. Goriaev^1,17  D. Gradic³  M. Grahl³  J. Green^2,21  A. Grosman^3,34  H. Grote³  M. Gruca^2,25  C. Guerard⁵  L. Haiduk^2,26  X. Han²  F. Harberts²  J.H. Harris^1,13  H.-J. Hartfuß³  D. Hartmann³  D. Hathiramani³  B. Hein³  B. Heinemann⁷  P. Heitzenroeder⁶  S. Henneberg³  C. Hennig³  J. Hernandez Sanchez⁵  C. Hidalgo⁵  H. Hölbe³  K.P. Hollfeld²  A. Hölting³  D. Höschen²  M. Houry^3,34  J. Howard⁴  X. Huang^3,32  M. Huber¹  V. Huber^3,35  H. Hunger¹  K. Ida^3,32  T. Ilkei^1,15  S. Illy¹  B. Israeli⁶  A. Ivanov^3,36  S. Jablonski^2,25  J. Jagielski^2,22  J. Jelonnek¹  H. Jenzsch³  P. Junghans⁷  J. Kacmarczyk^2,25  T. Kaliatka^1,19  J.-P. Kallmeyer³  U. Kamionka³  R. Karalevicius^1,19  H. Kasahara^3,32  W. Kasparek^3,37  N. Kenmochi^3,32  M. Keunecke^3,38  A. Khilchenko^3,36  D. Kinna^3,35  R. Kleiber³  T. Klinger³  M. Knaup²  Th. Kobarg¹  F. Köchl^3,39  Y. Kolesnichenko^4,40  A. Könies³  M. Köppen³  J. Koshurinov^4,41  R. Koslowski²  F. Köster^4,42  R. Koziol^2,22  M. Krämer^3,37  R. Krampitz³  P. Kraszewsk^2,22  N. Krawczyk^2,25  T. Kremeyer^2,21  Th. Krings²  J. Krom³  G. Krzesinski^2,23  I. Ksiazek^4,43  M. Kubkowska^2,25  G. Kühner³  T. Kurki-Suonio^4,44  S. Kwak³  R. Lang¹  S. Langish⁶  H. Laqua³  R. Laube³  C. Lechte^3,37  M. Lennartz²  W. Leonhardt¹  L. Lewerentz³  Y. Liang²  Ch. Linsmeier²  S. Liu²  J.-F. Lobsien³  D. Loesser⁶  J. Loizu Cisquella³  J. Lore^1,13  A. Lorenz³  M. Losert¹  L. Lubyako^4,41  A. Lücke^4,45  A. Lumsdaine^1,13  V. Lutsenko^4,40  J. Majano-Brown^2,20  O. Marchuk²  M. Mardenfeld⁶  P. Marek^2,23  S. Massidda^3,30  S. Masuzaki^3,32  D. Maurer^3,30  K. McCarthy⁵  P. McNeely³  A. Meier¹  D. Mellein¹  B. Mendelevitch⁷  Ph. Mertens²  D. Mikkelsen⁶  O. Mishchenko³  B. Missal³  J. Mittelstaedt⁶  T. Mizuuchi^4,46  A. Mollen³  V. Moncada^3,34  T. Mönnich³  T. Morizaki^3,32  R. Munk^3,37  S. Murakami^4,46  F. Musielok^4,43  G. Náfrádi^1,15  M. Nagel³  D. Naujoks³  H. Neilson⁶  O. Neubauer²  U. Neuner³  T. Ngo^3,34  R. Nocentini⁷  C. Nührenberg³  J. Nührenberg³  S. Obermayer⁷  G. Offermanns²  K. Ogawa^3,32  J. Ongena^1,17  J.W. Oosterbeek³  G. Orozco⁷  M. Otte³  L. Pacios Rodriguez⁵  W. Pan^4,47  N. Panadero³  N. Panadero Alvarez⁵  A. Panin²  D. Papenfuß¹  S. Paqay⁸  A. Pavone³  E. Pawelec^4,43  G. Pelka^2,25  X. Peng^4,47  V. Perseo³  B. Peterson^3,32  A. Pieper^4,45  D. Pilopp³  S. Pingel³  F. Pisano⁹  B. Plaum^3,37  G. Plunk³  M. Povilaitis^1,19  J. Preinhaelter^4,48  J. Proll⁸  M.-E. Puiatti^4,49  A. Puig Sitjes³  F. Purps³  M. Rack²  S. Récsei^1,15  A. Reiman⁶  D. Reiter²  F. Remppel^3,37  S. Renard^3,34  R. Riedl⁷  J. Riemann³  S. Rimkevicius^1,19  K. Riße³  A. Rodatos³  H. Röhlinger^3,37  M. Romé^4,49  P. Rong³  H.-J. Roscher^5,50  B. Roth^3,37  L. Rudischhauser³  K. Rummel³  T. Rummel³  A. Runov³  N. Rust³  L. Ryc^2,25  S. Ryosuke^3,32  R. Sakamoto^3,32  A. Samartsev¹  M. Sanchez⁵  F. Sano^4,46  S. Satake^3,32  G. Satheeswaran²  J. Schacht³  F. Schauer³  T. Scherer¹  A. Schlaich¹  K.-H. Schlüter^3,37  J. Schmitt^3,30  H. Schmitz²  O. Schmitz^2,21  S. Schmuck^3,35  M. Schneider³  W. Schneider³  M. Scholz^2,25  P. Scholz⁷  R. Schrittwieser^3,39  M. Schröder³  T. Schröder³  R. Schroeder³  H. Schumacher^4,45  B. Schweer²  B. Shanahan³  I.V. Shikhovtsev^3,36  M. Sibilia⁶  P. Sinha³  S. Sipliä^4,44  J. Skodzik^5,51  C. Slaby³  H. Smith³  W. Spiess¹  D.A. Spong^1,13  A. Spring³  R. Stadler⁷  B. Standley⁷  L. Stephey^2,21  M. Stoneking^5,52  U. Stridde³  Z. Sulek^2,26  C. Surko^2,29  Y. Suzuki^3,32  V. Szabó^1,15  T. Szabolics^1,15  Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy^1,15  N. Tamura^3,32  A. Terra²  J. Terry^2,20  J. Thomas²  H. Thomsen³  M. Thumm¹  C.P. von Thun^3,35  D. Timmermann^5,51  P. Titus⁶  K. Toi^3,32  J.M. Travere^3,34  P. Traverso^3,30  J. Tretter⁷  H. Tsuchiya^3,32  T. Tsujimura^3,32  S. Tulipán^1,15  M. Turnyanskiy^3,35  B. Unterberg²  J. Urban^4,48  E. Urbonavicius^1,19  I. Vakulchyk³  S. Valet³  B. van Millingen⁵  L. Vela^3,33  J.-L. Velasco⁵  M. Vergote^1,17  M. Vervier²  N. Vianello^5,53  H. Viebke³  R. Vilbrandt³  A. Vorkörper⁷  S. Wadle¹  F. Wagner³  E. Wang²  N. Wang²  F. Warmer³  L. Wegener³  J. Weggen¹  Y. Wei²  J. Wendorf³  A. Werner³  B. Wiegel^4,45  F. Wilde³  E. Winkler³  V. Winters^2,21  S. Wolf^3,37  J. Wolowski^2,25  A. Wright⁴  P. Xanthopoulos³  H. Yamada^3,32  I. Yamada^3,32  R. Yasuhara^3,32  M. Yokoyama^3,32  J. Zajac^4,48  M. Zarnstorff⁶  A. Zeitler^3,37  H. Zhang⁶  J. Zhu³  M. Zilker⁷  A. Zimbal^4,45  A. Zocco³  S. Zoletnik^1,15  M. Zuin^1,10 

[1] Karlsruhe Institute of Technology;Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik;Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald;The Australian National University;CIEMAT;Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton;Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik;Eindhoven University of Technology;University of Cagliary, Via Università;Consorzio RFX;Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear;Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences;Oak Ridge National Laboratory;University of Salerno;Wigner Research Centre for Physiks;University of Maryland, Paitn Branch Drive, College Park;Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School;Los Alamos National Laboratory;Lithuanian Energy Institute;Massachusetts Institute of Technology;University of Wisconsin–Madison, Engineering Drive;National Centre for Nuclear Reserach Świerk;Warsaw University of Technology;ENEA—Centro Ricerche Frascati;IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion;Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN;University of Szczecin;University of Milano-Bicocca;University of California;Auburn University;Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1;National Institute for Fusion Science;Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av. de la Universidad;CEA Cadarache;Culham Centre for Fusion Energy;Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics;University Stuttgart, Institut für Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik und Plasmatechnologie;Fraunhofer-Institut für Schicht- und Oberflächentechnik IST;Austrian Academy of Science;Institute for Nuclear Research;Institute of Applied Physics ,(IAP) of the Russian Academy of Science;Technische Universität Berlin;University of Opole;Aalto University;Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt;Kyoto University;Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science;Istituto di Fisica del Plasma ‘Piero Caldirola’;Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU;Universität in Rostock;Lawrence University;Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

关键词: stellarator;    magnetic confinement;    plasma heating;    current drive;   

DOI  :  10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d

来源: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd.

【 摘 要 】

After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3   ×   10¹⁹ m⁻³, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.

【 授权许可】

Unknown