The Human Hand and Foot in Evolution and Art: The Effects of Wearing Footwear

Journal of Biometrics & Biostatistics

article

Clifford Qualls¹  Peter Evans²  Antonio Perciaccante³  Raffaella Bianucci⁴  Donatella Lippi⁷  Otto Appenzeller⁸ 

[1] Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico;26 Windsor Cres Surrey Hills;Department of Medicine, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital;Warwick Medical School, Microbiology and Infection Division, University of Warwick;Legal Medicine Section, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin;Laboratoire d’Anthropologie bio-culturelle;Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence;New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics ,(NMHEMC) Research foundation

关键词: Hands;    Feet;    Spine;    Footwear;   

DOI  :  10.4172/2155-6180.1000394

来源: Hilaris Publisher

【 摘 要 】

The structures of the human hands and feet are shaped by evolution and its effects on the brain, skeleton and other structures, and on behavior. We used measurements obtained of hands and feet from living humans in Europe, the Americas (South and North) and Australia and images of hands and feet in cave art, paintings, and photographs obtained from the Web including some from Africa. We used the ratios of the third finger/width of hand and second toe/width of foot. We hypothesized that hand ratios would not have changed over millennia whereas, because of the use of footwear and mechanical locomotion, the ratios obtained from feet could have changed significantly. Here we report that statistical analyses and modeling confirmed our initial hypothesis.

【 授权许可】

Unknown