Ambulatory sleep scoring using accelerometers—distinguishing between nonwear and sleep/wake states

PeerJ

article

Amna Barouni¹  Jörg Ottenbacher¹  Johannes Schneider²  Bernd Feige³  Dieter Riemann³  Anne Herlan³  Driss El Hardouz⁴  Darren McLennan¹ 

[1] movisens GmbH;FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology;Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg;Institute for Information Processing Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

关键词: Acceleration;    Accelerometry;    Sleep/Wake;    Sleep scoring;    Non-Wear detection;    Ambulatory assessment;    Nonwear;   

DOI  :  10.7717/peerj.8284

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: Inra

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundDifferentiating nonwear time from sleep and wake times is essential for the estimation of sleep duration based on actigraphy data. To efficiently analyze large-scale data sets, an automatic method of identifying these three different states is required. Therefore, we developed a classification algorithm to determine nonwear, sleep and wake periods from accelerometer data. Our work aimed to (I) develop a new pattern recognition algorithm for identifying nonwear periods from actigraphy data based on the influence of respiration rate on the power spectrum of the acceleration signal and implement it in an automatic classification algorithm for nonwear/sleep/wake states; (II) address motion artifacts that occur during nonwear periods and are known to cause misclassification of these periods; (III) adjust the algorithm depending on the sensor position (wrist, chest); and (IV) validate the algorithm on both healthy individuals and patients with sleep disorders.MethodsThe study involved 98 participants who wore wrist and chest acceleration sensors for one day of measurements. They spent one night in the sleep laboratory and continued to wear the sensors outside of the laboratory for the remainder of the day. The results of the classification algorithm were compared to those of the reference source: polysomnography for wake/sleep and manual annotations for nonwear/wear classification.ResultsThe median kappa values for the two locations were 0.83 (wrist) and 0.84 (chest). The level of agreement did not vary significantly by sleep health (good sleepers vs. subjects with sleep disorders) (p = 0.348, p = 0.118) or by sex (p = 0.442, p = 0.456). The intraclass correlation coefficients of nonwear total time between the reference and the algorithm were 0.92 and 0.97 with the outliers and 0.95 and 0.98 after the outliers were removed for the wrist and chest, respectively. There was no evidence of an association between the mean difference (and 95% limits of agreement) and the mean of the two methods for either sensor position (wrist p = 0.110, chest p = 0.164), and the mean differences (algorithm minus reference) were 5.11 [95% LoA −15.4–25.7] and 1.32 [95% LoA −9.59–12.24] min/day, respectively, after the outliers were removed.DiscussionWe studied the influence of the respiration wave on the power spectrum of the acceleration signal for the differentiation of nonwear periods from sleep and wake periods. The algorithm combined both spectral analysis of the acceleration signal and rescoring. Based on the Bland-Altman analysis, the chest-worn accelerometer showed better results than the wrist-worn accelerometer.

【 授权许可】

CC BY