Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies

PeerJ

article

Kirsten Ann Pearsons¹  Sarah E. Lower²  John F. Tooker¹ 

[1]Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

[2]Biology Department, Bucknell University

关键词: Neonicotinoid;    Clothianidin;    Flirefly;    Lampyridae;    Acute toxicity;    Long-term toxicity;    Photuris versicolor;    Photinus pyralis;   

DOI  :  10.7717/peerj.12495

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: Inra

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundPrevious research suggests that fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are susceptible to commonly used insecticides. In the United States, there has been a rapid and widespread adoption of neonicotinoid insecticides, predominantly used as seed coatings on large-acreage crops like corn, soy, and cotton. Neonicotinoid insecticides are persistent in soil yet mobile in water, so they have potential to contaminate firefly habitats both in and adjacent to application sites. As a result, fireflies may be at high risk of exposure to neonicotinoids, possibly jeopardizing this already at-risk group of charismatic insects.MethodsTo assess the sensitivity of fireflies to neonicotinoids, we exposed larvae of Photuris versicolor complex and Photinus pyralis to multiple levels of clothianidin-treated soil and monitored feeding behavior, protective soil chamber formation, intoxication, and mortality.ResultsPt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis larvae exhibited long-term intoxication and mortality at concentrations above 1,000 ng g−1 soil (1 ppm). Under sub-lethal clothianidin exposure, firefly larvae fed less and spent less time in protective soil chambers, two behavioral changes that could decrease larval survival in the wild.DiscussionBoth firefly species demonstrated sub-lethal responses in the lab to clothianidin exposure at field-realistic concentrations, although Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis appeared to tolerate higher clothianidin exposure relative to other soil invertebrates and beetle species. While these two firefly species, which are relatively widespread in North America, appear somewhat tolerant of neonicotinoid exposure in a laboratory setting, further work is needed to extend this conclusion to wild populations, especially in rare or declining taxa.

【 授权许可】

CC BY