Determination and risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in the urban water cycle in Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

PeerJ

article

Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah¹  Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar¹  Teh Sabariah Abd Manan³  Nur Aina Bachi¹  Nurfaizah Abu Tahrim⁵  Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid⁶  Abdulnoor Ghanim⁷  Amirrudin Ahmad³  Nadiah Wan Rasdi³  Hamidi Abdul Aziz⁴ 

[1] Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;Environmental Management Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu;School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia;Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University;Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu;Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

关键词: Environmental fate;    NSAIDs;    Urban water cycle;    Ecological risk assessment;    Teratogenic index;    Risk quotient;   

DOI  :  10.7717/peerj.14719

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: Inra

【 摘 要 】

The environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the urban water cycle is still uncertain and their status is mainly assessed based on specific water components and information on human risk assessments. This study (a) explores the environmental fate of NSAIDs (ibuprofen, IBU; naproxen, NAP; ketoprofen, KET; diazepam, DIA; and diclofenac, DIC) in the urban water cycle, including wastewater, river, and treated water via gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GCMS), (b) assesses the efficiency of reducing the targeted NSAIDs in sewage treatment plant (STP) using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and (c) evaluates the ecological risk assessment of these drugs in the urban water cycle via teratogenic index (TI) and risk quotient (RQ). The primary receptor of contaminants comes from urban areas, as a high concentration of NSAIDs is detected (ranging from 5.87 × 103 to 7.18 × 104 TI ≥ 0.76). This work proved that these drugs exist in the current urban water cycle, which could induce adverse effects on humans and the environment (RQ in high and low-risk categories). Therefore, they should be minimized, if not eliminated, from the primary sources of the pollutant (i.e., STPs). These pollutants should be considered a priority to be monitored, given focus to, and listed in the guideline due to their persistent presence in the urban water cycle.

【 授权许可】

CC BY