The dark web trades wildlife, but mostly for use as drugs

People and Nature

article

Oliver C. Stringham¹  Jacob Maher¹  Charlotte R. Lassaline¹  Lisa Wood¹  Stephanie Moncayo¹  Adam Toomes¹  Sarah Heinrich¹  Freyja Watters¹  Charlotte Drake¹  Sebastian Chekunov¹  Katherine G. W. Hill¹  David Decary-Hetu³  Lewis Mitchell²  Joshua V. Ross²  Phillip Cassey¹ 

[1] Invasion Science & Wildlife Ecology Lab, University of Adelaide;School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide;School of Criminology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boul., Edouard-Montpetit, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville

关键词: biological use;    biosecurity;    conservation;    drugs;    exotic species;    illegal wildlife trade;    internet;    traditional medicine;   

DOI  :  10.1002/pan3.10469

学科分类：护理学

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

1. Contemporary wildlife trade is massively facilitated by the Internet. By design,the dark web is one layer of the Internet that is difficult to monitor and continuesto lack thorough investigation.2. Here, we accessed a comprehensive database of dark web marketplaces to searchacross c. 2 million dark web advertisements over 5 years using c. 7 k wildlife traderelated search terms.3. We found 153 species traded in 3332 advertisements (c. 600 advertisements peryear). We characterized a highly specialized wildlife trade market, where c. 90%of dark-web wildlife advertisements were for recreational drugs.4. We verified that 68 species contained chemicals with drug properties. Speciesadvertised as drugs mostly comprised of plant species, however, fungi and animals were also traded as drugs. Most species with drug properties were psychedelics (45 species), including one genera of fungi, Psilocybe, with 19 speciestraded on the dark web. The native distribution of plants with drug propertieswere clustered in Central and South America. A smaller proportion of trade wasfor purported medicinal properties of wildlife, clothing, decoration, and as pets.5. Synthesis and applications. Our results greatly expand on what wildlife species arecurrently traded on the dark web and provide a baseline to track future changes.Given the low number of advertisements, we assume current conservation andbiosecurity risks of the dark web are low. While wildlife trade is rampant on otherlayers of the Internet, particularly on e-commerce and social media sites, tradeon the dark web may still increase if these popular platforms are rendered lessaccessible to traders (e.g., via an increase in enforcement). We recommend focussing on surveillance of e-commerce and social media sites, but we encouragecontinued monitoring of the dark web periodically to evaluate potential shifts inwildlife trade across this more occluded layer of the Internet.

【 授权许可】

CC BY