Social influence shapes adaptive water governance: empirical evidence from northwestern Pakistan

Ecology and Society: a journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability

article

Rebecca Nixon¹  Zhao Ma²  Bushra Khan³  Trevor Birkenholtz⁴  Linda Lee⁵  Ishaq Ahmad Mian⁷ 

[1] Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware;Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University;Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar;Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University;Department of Agronomy, Purdue University;Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University;Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar

关键词: adaptive governance;    climate change adaptation;    household decision making;    Pakistan;    social influence;   

DOI  :  10.5751/ES-13546-270337

学科分类：生物科学（综合）

来源: Resilience Alliance Publications

【 摘 要 】

Social-ecological change has placed unprecedented stress on water resources throughout the world. This has driven water users to employ a diverse range of adaptation strategies and necessitates new governance structures, such as adaptive water governance (AWG), which have the capacity to manage resources in the midst of uncertainty and complexity. As such, AWG has the potential to support household adaptation strategies; however, little empirical work has been done to identify the factors that facilitate the emergence of AWG. To address this gap, we conducted a household survey of 448 households in northwestern Pakistan, a post-conflict, water-scarce area where adaptive governance is needed to support rural livelihoods in the midst of numerous socioeconomic and environmental transformations. Indeed, we found that households in our study area perceived a range of changes to the water system, including but not limited to declines of fish populations, decreased quality and amount of river water, and an increase of local tourism. Respondents reported a range of adaptation strategies including increasing agricultural inputs, planting new crop varieties, and changing their domestic water supply system. In some cases, households employed these adaptation strategies despite economic barriers, and although many were willing to go against friends’ and community leaders’ opinions to adapt, and they were less likely to counter the opinions of family members. This reveals that households negotiate multiple factors in their decisions to adapt to social-ecological change; as such, there is a great need for flexible and collaborative governance systems such as AWG to support this complexity in household adaptation decision making. Further, we argue that the varying roles of social influence should be considered to align governance structures with household decision-making processes. Thus, we suggest that AWG will be more likely to emerge when decision makers involved in water management draw on existing informal institutions and cross-sectoral collaboration to reflect the complex ways water users adapt to social-ecological change.

【 授权许可】

Others