Enhancing the Definitions of Climate-Change Loss and Damage Based on Land Conversion in Florida, U.S.A.

Urban Science

article

Elena A. Mikhailova¹  Lili Lin²  Zhenbang Hao³  Hamdi A. Zurqani⁴  Christopher J. Post¹  Mark A. Schlautman⁵  Gregory C. Post⁶  George B. Shepherd⁷  Sarah J. Kolarik¹ 

[1] Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University;Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University;University Key Lab for Geomatics Technology and Optimized Resources Utilization in Fujian Province;University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello;Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University;Geography Department, Portland State University;School of Law, Emory University

关键词: carbon;    CO2;    compensation;    ecosystem;    hurricane;    insurance;    moral hazard;    risk;    urban;   

DOI  :  10.3390/urbansci7020040

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Loss and damage (L&D) from climate change result from past and current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Current definitions of L&D exclude GHG emissions even though they represent L&D to human beings and the environment. This study’s objective was to identify and quantify the L&D from GHG emissions associated with land developments using the state of Florida (FL) in the United States of America (USA) as a case study. All land developments in FL caused various L&D (20,249.6 km2, midpoint 3.0 × 1011 of total soil carbon (TSC) losses with midpoint $50.3B (where B = billion = 109, USD) in social costs of carbon dioxide emissions, SC-CO2), while “new” land developments (1703.7 km2) in the period from 2001 to 2016 caused a complete loss of midpoint 2.8 × 1010 kg of TSC resulting in midpoint $4.5B SC-CO2. These emissions are currently not accounted for in FL’s total carbon footprint (CF). Climate-change-related damages in FL include permanent losses (e.g., land losses), with 47 out of 67 FL’s counties potentially affected by the projected sea-level rise and repairable damages (e.g., destruction from hurricanes). Based on the fixed social cost of carbon (C), there appears to be a disconnect between the value attributed to soil-based emissions and the actual market-driven losses from climate-change-associated costs. The social cost of C could be scaled based on the vulnerability of a particular community and the market-based cost of L&D mitigation. Programs for compensation on the international level should be carefully designed to help people who have suffered climate-related L&D, without creating reverse climate change adaptation (RCCA), where compensation causes people to remain in areas that are vulnerable to climate-related L&D.

【 授权许可】

CC BY