Circadian Variation of Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients: Implications for Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Proceedings

article

Majed A. Suwaydi¹  Ching Tat Lai¹  Alethea Rea³  Mary E. Wlodek¹  Donna T. Geddes¹ 

[1] School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia;Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University;Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University

关键词: human milk;    lactation;    breastfeeding;    hormones;    adipokine;    macronutrient;    circadian rhythm;    variation;   

DOI  :  10.3390/proceedings2023084015

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The daily variation in human milk (HM) hormones and macronutrients is not well characterised and sample protocols are highly variable between studies. Method: During a 24 h period, the mothers (n = 10) hand-expressed small milk samples, immediately before and after each breastfeeding or expression from each breast. Test-weighing was used to determine the volume of HM consumed in each feed. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, and glucose were measured by variable biochemical assays. A linear mixed model was fitted to eleven outcomes of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, glucose (dose and concentration for each), and feed volume. The explanatory variables considered were a circadian cycle (cosine and sine terms), and for dose and concentration outcomes, an indicator variable for pre- or post-feed. The random effect was a circadian cycle (cosine and sine terms) for each mother. Results: The average infant intake of HM was 1060 mL/day (8 to 20 feeds/day). Pre- and post-feed differences were found in the concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and fat (p < 0.05). Significant circadian variation across the 24 h period was found in adiponectin concentration, insulin (both concentration and dose), fat dose, glucose (both concentration and dose), and milk volume. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of establishing standardised and rigorous sampling protocols considering all levels of variations (within-feed or circadian) to provide a better determination of the impact of these components on infant health and development.

【 授权许可】

CC BY