Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

Karen Meusemann¹  Benjamin Wipfler²  Xin Zhou³  Shanlin Liu³  Sabrina Simon⁴  Bernhard Misof⁵  Lars Podsiadlowski⁵  Alexander Donath⁵  Sven Bradler⁶  Sarah Bank⁶  Harald Letsch⁷  Thomas R. Buckley^1,10  Ryuichiro Machida^1,11 

[1] 0Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia;1Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany;Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands;Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany;Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany;New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand;School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano, Japan;

关键词: phasmids;    transcriptomes;    historical biogeography;    Polyneoptera;    Euphasmatodea;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fevo.2019.00345

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Phasmatodea comprises over 3,000 extant species and stands out as one of the last remaining insect orders for which a robust, higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis is lacking. New research suggests that the extant diversity is the result of a surprisingly recent and rapid radiation that has been difficult to resolve with standard Sanger sequence data. In order to resolve the early branching events of stick and leaf insects, we analyzed transcriptomes from 61 species, including 38 Phasmatodea species comprising all major clades and 23 outgroup taxa, including all other Polyneoptera orders. Using a custom-made ortholog set based on reference genomes from four species, we identified on average 2,274 orthologous genes in the sequenced transcriptomes. We generated various sub-alignments and performed maximum-likelihood analyses on several representative datasets to evaluate the effect of missing data and matrix composition on our phylogenetic estimates. Based on our new data, we are able to reliably resolve the deeper nodes between the principal lineages of extant Phasmatodea. Among Euphasmatodea, we provide strong evidence for a basal dichotomy of Aschiphasmatodea and all remaining euphasmatodeans, the Neophasmatodea. Within the latter clade, we recovered a previously unrecognized major New World and Old World lineage, for which we introduce the new names Oriophasmata tax. nov. (“Eastern phasmids”) and Occidophasmata tax. nov. (“Western phasmids”). Occidophasmata comprise Diapheromerinae, Pseudophasmatinae, and Agathemera, whereas all remaining lineages form the Oriophasmata, including Heteropterygidae, Phylliinae, Bacillus, Lonchodidae (Necrosciinae + Lonchodinae), Clitumninae, Cladomorphinae, and Lanceocercata. We furthermore performed a divergence time analysis and reconstructed the historical biogeography for stick and leaf insects. Phasmatodea either originated in Southeast Asia or in the New World. Our results suggest that the extant distribution of Phasmatodea is largely the result of dispersal events in a recently and rapidly diversified insect lineage rather than the result of vicariant processes.

【 授权许可】

Unknown