Agreement of Four Equations for Computing Dewfall in Northern Germany

Water

Huijie Xiao¹  Ruoshui Wang¹  Qiqi Cao¹  Heinz Borg²  Ralph Meissner³ 

[1] College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China;Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 23, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZ, Department Soil System Science, Lysimeter Station, Falkenberg 55, D-39615 Altmaerkische Wische, Germany;

关键词: dewfall;    energy balance;    turbulent vapour transport;    Penman-Monteith equation;    Bowen ratio;    vapour conductance;   

DOI  :  10.3390/w9080607

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The energy balance (EB), turbulent vapour transport (TVT), Penman-Monteith (PM) and Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) equation were used to estimate dewfall based on meteorological data. Initially there were big disagreements between the estimates from these four equations. However, after multiplying the heat and vapour conductance terms by 0.33 the agreement was much better. This implies that the disagreements derived from improper conductance values. Initially we did not consider the effect of atmospheric stability on the conductances. With stability correction the conductances were on average 0.5 times the values without stability correction. To arrive at the aforementioned 0.33, the conductances with stability correction still need to be lower by a factor of 0.66. The value of the von Karman constant and the relationships for the zero plane displacement and the roughness length we used in our conductance computations are widely used, but not the only possible ones. With different values and relationships also suggested in the literature one can reach this factor. However, it is also possible that our wind speed data contributed to the fact that the conductances we computed were too high. Their computation for a given canopy—atmosphere system requires wind speeds from a wind profile in equilibrium with the vegetation. This in turn requires an adequate fetch around the investigated surface. The highly varied vegetation in and around the site where the study was conducted makes adequate fetch rather doubtful. To obtain valid conductance values the atmospheric stability conditions must be considered, the appropriate values for the von Karman constant, the zero plane displacement and roughness length must be used, and there must be adequate fetch. The BREB equation does not contain a conductance term and therefore does not suffer from the problems just stated. The other three equations do. However, the BREB, like the EB and TVT equations, need the surface temperature which is not routinely measured. This then leaves the PM equation from which this temperature has been eliminated as the only option. Hence, in a future study dewfall estimates from the PM equation should be compared with direct measurements with a high precision weighing lysimeter.

【 授权许可】

Unknown