Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment

São Paulo Medical Journal

Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de Barros¹  Marcelo de Castro Moura Sampaio¹ 

[1] Hospital Sírio-Libanês;

关键词: Breast;    Gynecomastia;    Surgery;    Adolescent;    Endocrine system diseases;   

DOI  :  10.1590/S1516-31802012000300009

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy.

【 授权许可】

Unknown