Pharmaceutical Wastewater Effluent—Source of Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Phytotoxicity of Metronidazole to Soybean (Glycine max)

Toxics

Okhumode H. Yakubu¹ 

[1] Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Health and Social Services , New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA;

关键词: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs);    contaminant of emerging concern;    effluent;    Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP);    metronidazole;    Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies (PMCs);    Relative Growth Rate (RGR);    soybean (Glycine max);    wastewater;   

DOI  :  10.3390/toxics5020010

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Industrial discharge of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into the environment in some middle- and low-income countries is not sufficiently regulated. The phytotoxicity of metronidazole (FLAGYL)—one of the most commonly used over the counter (OTC) antibiotics, to soybean (Glycine max) is investigated. Relative growth rate (RGR) expressed in gram per gram per day (gg−1d−1) was applied to plants destructively harvested at maturity (42 d), to determine the toxicological impact. Differences between mean RGR of the three groups were performed at 0.05 significance level. Multiple comparisons suggest that there was a statistical significant difference among mean RGR for all treatment groups. Metronidazole is toxic to soybean plants (Glycine max) based on dose-response criterion. There is a need to enforce treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent by Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies (PMCs) before discharge into the environment.

【 授权许可】

Unknown