Responsible and Regulatory Conform Machine Learning for Medicine: A Survey of Challenges and Solutions

IEEE Access

Eike Petersen¹  Yannik Potdevin²  Sandra Henn³  Ludwig Pechmann⁴  Esfandiar Mohammadi⁵  Christian Herzog⁶  Dirk Nowotka⁶  Philipp Rostalski⁷  Sabrina Breyer⁷  Stephan Zidowitz⁸  Martin Leucker⁸ 

[1] DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark;Department of Computer Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany;Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany;Institute for Electrical Engineering in Medicine (IME), Universit&x00E4;Institute for IT Security (ITS), Universit&x00E4;beck, Germany;beck, L&x00FC;t zu L&x00FC;

关键词: Algorithmic fairness;    ethical machine learning;    explainability;    medical device regulation;    medical machine learning;    privacy;   

DOI  :  10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3178382

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Machine learning is expected to fuel significant improvements in medical care. To ensure that fundamental principles such as beneficence, respect for human autonomy, prevention of harm, justice, privacy, and transparency are respected, medical machine learning systems must be developed responsibly. Many high-level declarations of ethical principles have been put forth for this purpose, but there is a severe lack of technical guidelines explicating the practical consequences for medical machine learning. Similarly, there is currently considerable uncertainty regarding the exact regulatory requirements placed upon medical machine learning systems. This survey provides an overview of the technical and procedural challenges involved in creating medical machine learning systems responsibly and in conformity with existing regulations, as well as possible solutions to address these challenges. First, a brief review of existing regulations affecting medical machine learning is provided, showing that properties such as safety, robustness, reliability, privacy, security, transparency, explainability, and nondiscrimination are all demanded already by existing law and regulations—albeit, in many cases, to an uncertain degree. Next, the key technical obstacles to achieving these desirable properties are discussed, as well as important techniques to overcome these obstacles in the medical context. We notice that distribution shift, spurious correlations, model underspecification, uncertainty quantification, and data scarcity represent severe challenges in the medical context. Promising solution approaches include the use of large and representative datasets and federated learning as a means to that end, the careful exploitation of domain knowledge, the use of inherently transparent models, comprehensive out-of-distribution model testing and verification, as well as algorithmic impact assessments.

【 授权许可】

Unknown