Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications

Universe

Zdeněk Stuchlík¹  Martin Kološ¹  Arman Tursunov¹ 

[1] Research Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezručovo nám.13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech Republic;

关键词: rotating black holes;    accretion disks;    magnetic fields;    ultra-high energy particles;   

DOI  :  10.3390/universe7110416

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

We present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant related to electrically charged Schwarzschild black holes, and the radiative Penrose process connected with charged particles radiating in the ergosphere of magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the variants of the Penrose process, concentrating attention to the extreme regime of the magnetic Penrose process leading to extremely large acceleration of charged particles up to ultra-high energy E∼${10}^{22}$ eV around magnetized supermassive black holes with mass M∼${10}^{10}$$M_{\odot }$ and magnetic intensity B∼${10}^4$ G. Similarly high energies can be obtained by the electric Penrose process. The extraordinary case is represented by the radiative Penrose process that can occur only around magnetized Kerr spacetimes but just inside their ergosphere, in contrast to the magnetic Penrose process that can occur in a more extended effective ergosphere determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic interaction. The explanation is simple, as the radiative Penrose process is closely related to radiated photons with negative energy whose existence is limited just to the ergosphere.

【 授权许可】

Unknown