Recent Advances on Biomarkers of Early and Late Kidney Graft Dysfunction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Vincenzo Cantaluppi¹  Marco Quaglia¹  Guido Merlotti¹  Gabriele Guglielmetti¹  Giuseppe Castellano² 

[1] Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), AOU Maggiore della Carità, via Gen. P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71121, Foggia, Italy;

关键词: renal transplant;    biomarkers;    extracellular vesicles;    acute rejection;    chronic rejection;    chronic allograft dysfunction;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms21155404

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

New biomarkers of early and late graft dysfunction are needed in renal transplant to improve management of complications and prolong graft survival. A wide range of potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, measured in different biological fluids (serum, plasma, urine) and in renal tissues, have been proposed for post-transplant delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection (AR), and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). This review investigates old and new potential biomarkers for each of these clinical domains, seeking to underline their limits and strengths. OMICs technology has allowed identifying many candidate biomarkers, providing diagnostic and prognostic information at very early stages of pathological processes, such as AR. Donor-derived cell-free DNA (ddcfDNA) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are further promising tools. Although most of these biomarkers still need to be validated in multiple independent cohorts and standardized, they are paving the way for substantial advances, such as the possibility of accurately predicting risk of DGF before graft is implanted, of making a “molecular” diagnosis of subclinical rejection even before histological lesions develop, or of dissecting etiology of CAD. Identification of “immunoquiescent” or even tolerant patients to guide minimization of immunosuppressive therapy is another area of active research. The parallel progress in imaging techniques, bioinformatics, and artificial intelligence (AI) is helping to fully exploit the wealth of information provided by biomarkers, leading to improved disease nosology of old entities such as transplant glomerulopathy. Prospective studies are needed to assess whether introduction of these new sets of biomarkers into clinical practice could actually reduce the need for renal biopsy, integrate traditional tools, and ultimately improve graft survival compared to current management.

【 授权许可】

Unknown