Advancing the Interpretation of Shallow Water Marine Soundscapes

Frontiers in Marine Science

Marc O. Lammers¹  Sofie Van Parijs²  Tetyana Margolina³  Leila T. Hatch⁴  Lindsey E. Peavey Reeves⁵  Eden J. Zang⁵  Timothy J. Rowell⁶  Jenni A. Stanley⁷  Alison K. Stimpert⁸  Brandon L. Southall^1,10  Carrie C. Wall^1,12  Kurt M. Fristrup^1,13  Jeremy A. Goldbogen^1,15  Megan F. McKenna^1,15  William K. Oestreich^1,15  Anke Kügler^1,16  Jack Barkowski^1,17  John Joseph^1,18  Jeffrey D. Adams^1,19  Annebelle C. M. Kok^2,20  Ella B. Kim^2,20  Simone Baumann-Pickering^2,20 

[1] 0Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, Kihei, HI, United States;0Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, United States;1Oceanography Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States;1Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Scituate, MA, United States;2Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States;3Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA, United States;4University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand;5Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, United States;6Southall Environmental Associates, Aptos, CA, United States;7Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States;8Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States;9National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, United States;Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States;Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, HI, United States;Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, United States;Marine Biology Graduate Program, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States;Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, United States;Oceanography Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States;Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States;Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States;

关键词: national marine sanctuaries;    marine protected areas;    sound pressure level;    anthropogenic noise;    marine acoustic environments;    ship noise;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fmars.2021.719258

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Soundscapes offer rich descriptions of composite acoustic environments. Characterizing marine soundscapes simply through sound levels results in incomplete descriptions, limits the understanding of unique features, and impedes meaningful comparisons. Sources that contribute to sound level metrics shift in time and space with changes in biological patterns, physical forces, and human activity. The presence of a constant or chronic source is often interwoven with episodic sounds. Further, the presence and intensity of sources can influence other sources, calling for a more integrated approach to characterizing soundscapes. Here, we illustrate this complexity using data from a national-scale effort, the Sanctuary Soundscape Monitoring Project (SanctSound), an initiative designed to support collection of biological, environmental, and human use data to compliment the interpretation of sound level measurements. Using nine examples from this diverse dataset we demonstrate the benefit of integrating source identification and site features to interpret sound levels across a diversity of shallow water marine soundscapes (<150 m). Sound levels from sites in high human use areas reflect the anthropogenic influences on the soundscape, especially when measuring broad frequency bands, whereas sites with relatively low human activity and high sound levels reveal biological features of the soundscape. At sites with large tidal changes, sound levels correlated with the magnitude of tidal flow, and sound levels during high tidal flow periods were similar to sound levels at sites near commercial shipping lanes. At sites in relatively close proximity (<30 km), sound levels diverge because of the presence of different proximate sound contributors and propagation features of the site. A review of emerging methodologies for integrated soundscape analysis, including acoustic scenes, provides a framework for interpreting soundscapes across a variety of conditions. With a global growth in monitoring efforts collecting standardized measurements over widely distributed arrays, more integrated methods are needed to advance the utility of soundscapes in marine resource management.

【 授权许可】

Unknown