Diagnosis of Varroosis Based on Bee Brood Samples Testing with Use of Semiconductor Gas Sensors

Sensors

Beata Bąk¹  Maciej Siuda¹  Jerzy Wilde¹  Jakub Wilk¹  Piotr Artiemjew² 

[1] Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;

关键词: bee brood;    Varroa destructor;    gas sensor;    electronic nose;    k nearest neighbor algorithm;   

DOI  :  10.3390/s20144014

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Varroosis is a dangerous and difficult to diagnose disease decimating bee colonies. The studies conducted sought answers on whether the electronic nose could become an effective tool for the efficient detection of this disease by examining sealed brood samples. The prototype of a multi-sensor recorder of gaseous sensor signals with a matrix of six semiconductor gas sensors TGS 823, TGS 826, TGS 832, TGS 2600, TGS 2602, and TGS 2603 from FIGARO was tested in this area. There were 42 objects belonging to 3 classes tested: 1st class—empty chamber (13 objects), 2nd class—fragments of combs containing brood sick with varroosis (19 objects), and 3rd class—fragments of combs containing healthy sealed brood (10 objects). The examination of a single object lasted 20 min, consisting of the exposure phase (10 min) and the sensor regeneration phase (10 min). The k-th nearest neighbors algorithm (kNN)—with default settings in RSES tool—was successfully used as the basic classifier. The basis of the analysis was the sensor reading value in 270 s with baseline correction. The multi-sensor MCA-8 gas sensor signal recorder has proved to be an effective tool in distinguishing between brood suffering from varroosis and healthy brood. The five-time cross-validation 2 test (5 × CV2 test) showed a global accuracy of 0.832 and a balanced accuracy of 0.834. Positive rate of the sick brood class was 0.92. In order to check the overall effectiveness of baseline correction in the examined context, we have carried out additional series of experiments—in multiple Monte Carlo Cross Validation model—using a set of classifiers with different metrics. We have tested a few variants of the kNN method, the Naïve Bayes classifier, and the weighted voting classifier. We have verified with statistical tests the thesis that the baseline correction significantly improves the level of classification. We also confirmed that it is enough to use the TGS2603 sensor in the examined context.

【 授权许可】

Unknown