A Closer Look on Spatiotemporal Variations of Dissolved Oxygen in Waste Stabilization Ponds Using Mixed Models

Water

Andres Alvarado¹  Maria Arevalo-Durazno²  Juan Espinoza-Palacios²  Long Ho²  Peter Goethals²  Duy Tan Pham²  Wout Van Echelpoel²  Olivier Thas³  Leacky Muchene⁴  Ziv Shkedy⁴ 

[1] Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril s/n, Cuenca 010150, Ecuador;Department of Animals Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Hasselt, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium;

关键词: waste stabilization pond;    high altitude;    mixed model;    spatiotemporal effect;    dissolved oxygen control;    ICA technology;   

DOI  :  10.3390/w10020201

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Dissolved oxygen is an essential controlling factor in the performance of facultative and maturation ponds since both take many advantages of algal photosynthetic oxygenation. The rate of this photosynthesis strongly depends on the time during the day and the location in a pond system, whose roles have been overlooked in previous guidelines of pond operation and maintenance (O&M). To elucidate these influences, a linear mixed effect model (LMM) was built on the data collected from three intensive sampling campaigns in a waste stabilization pond in Cuenca, Ecuador. Within two parallel lines of facultative and maturation ponds, nine locations were sampled at two depths in each pond. In general, the output of the mixed model indicated high spatial autocorrelations of data and wide spatiotemporal variations of the oxygen level among and within the ponds. Particularly, different ponds showed different patterns of oxygen dynamics, which were associated with many factors including flow behavior, sludge accumulation, algal distribution, influent fluctuation, and pond function. Moreover, a substantial temporal change in the oxygen level between day and night, from zero to above 20 mg O2·L−1, was observed. Algal photosynthetic activity appeared to be the main reason for these variations in the model, as it was facilitated by intensive solar radiation at high altitude. Since these diurnal and spatial patterns can supply a large amount of useful information on pond performance, insightful recommendations on dissolved oxygen (DO) monitoring and regulations were delivered. More importantly, as a mixed model showed high predictive performance, i.e., high goodness-of-fit (R2 of 0.94), low values of mean absolute error, we recommended this advanced statistical technique as an effective tool for dealing with high autocorrelation of data in pond systems.

【 授权许可】

Unknown