A Tale of Two Tiles: Characterization of Floor Tiles from the Nineteenth-Century Akko Tower Shipwreck (Israel)

Coatings

Yishai Feldman¹  Omri Dvir²  Deborah Cvikel³  Alexandra Inberg⁴  Dana Ashkenazi⁵ 

[1] Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel;School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel;

关键词: archaeometry;    clay body;    floor tiles;    glaze coating;    pigments;    shipwreck;   

DOI  :  10.3390/coatings10111091

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Fragments of decorated floor tiles were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck, Israel. Most tiles were made of bright brown fired clay with a white glaze decorated with colored stenciled motifs (Type A); and others consisted of a red-brown fired clay body, coated with a brown pigment covered with transparent brown glaze (Type B). This study aimed to characterize the two tile types; to reveal information concerning the manufacturing process; and to determine the origin of their raw material. A multidisciplinary approach was used, including light microscopy, SEM-EDS, electron probe microanalysis with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS), XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analyses. The characterization of both tile types demonstrated the use of different raw materials. The Type A tiles were covered with tin-opacified majolica glaze and colored with various mixtures of pigments. The blue color was due to pigment rich in cobalt; the yellow color was due to Naples yellow and lead-tin yellow I minerals; and the green, orange, and brown colors were all prepared by mixing the Naples yellow pigment with different minerals. These majolica glaze tiles were probably manufactured in Sicily. The brown coating of the Type B tiles was due to pigment rich in lead and iron minerals. These tiles were produced with different manufacturing processes, and apparently made in France.

【 授权许可】

Unknown