Closing Water Cycles in the Built Environment through Nature-Based Solutions: The Contribution of Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs

Water

Gaetano Bertino¹  Mariana Fonseca²  Andreas Aicher³  Ana Galvão⁴  Joana A. C. Castellar⁵  Thomas Nehls⁶  Karin A. Hoffmann⁶  Dragan Milosevic⁷  Ayça Tokuç⁸  Maria Milousi⁹  Ulrike Pitha^1,10  Bilge Bas^1,11  Emanuela Giancola^1,12  David Pearlmutter^1,13  Alma Pobric^1,14  Makbulenur Onur^1,15  Maria Beatrice Andreucci^1,16  Alessandro Stracqualursi^1,16  Julia Flaszynska^1,17  Alisa Korolova^1,18  Veronika Gezik^1,19  Bernhard Pucher^2,20  Cristina S. C. Calheiros^2,21  Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo^2,22  Dimitra Theochari^2,23  Sara Di Lonardo^2,24  Pedro Pinho^2,25 

[1] Alchemia-Nova GmbH, Institute for Innovative Phytochemistry & Closed Loop Processes, A-1140 Vienna, Austria;Associação CECOLAB, Collaborative Laboratory towards Circular Economy, R. Nossa Senhora da Conceição, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal;Bauhaus Institute for Infrastructure Solutions, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Goethe Platz 7/8, 99423 Weimar, Germany;CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain;Chair of Ecohydrology and Landscape Evaluation, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany;Climatology and Hydrology Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;Department of Architecture, Dokuz Eylul University, Campus of Tinaztepe, Buca İzmir 35160, Turkey;Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece;Department of Civil Engineering and Natural Hazards, Institute of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria;Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Bilgi University, Santralistanbul, Kazim Karabekir Cd. No: 13, Istanbul 34060, Turkey;Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency in Buildings Unit, CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain;Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Beer-Sheva 84990, Israel;Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Add. Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey;Department of Planning, Design, Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia, 72, 00196 Rome, Italy;Faculty for Architecture and Planning, Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria;Faculty of Architecture, Riga Technical University Kipsalas, Str. 6, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, P.O. Box 95, 82005 Bratislava 25, Slovakia;Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria;Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;MCG Research & Innovation Sustainability Architecture/Urban Planning, Zarandona, 30004 Murcia, Spain;MERA Landschaftsarchitekten mbB, Griegstraße 75, Haus 24b, 22763 Hamburg, Germany;Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-National Research Council (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes FCUL, Edifício C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

关键词: water reuse;    water management;    water cycle;    nature-based solutions;    green roofs;    vertical greening systems;   

DOI  :  10.3390/w13162165

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Water in the city is typically exploited in a linear process, in which most of it is polluted, treated, and discharged; during this process, valuable nutrients are lost in the treatment process instead of being cycled back and used in urban agriculture or green space. The purpose of this paper is to advance a new paradigm to close water cycles in cities via the implementation of nature-based solutions units (NBS_u), with a particular focus on building greening elements, such as green roofs (GRs) and vertical greening systems (VGS). The hypothesis is that such “circular systems” can provide substantial ecosystem services and minimize environmental degradation. Our method is twofold: we first examine these systems from a life-cycle point of view, assessing not only the inputs of conventional and alternative materials, but the ongoing input of water that is required for irrigation. Secondly, the evapotranspiration performance of VGS in Copenhagen, Berlin, Lisbon, Rome, Istanbul, and Tel Aviv, cities with different climatic, architectural, and sociocultural contexts have been simulated using a verticalized ET₀ approach, assessing rainwater runoff and greywater as irrigation resources. The water cycling performance of VGS in the mentioned cities would be sufficient at recycling 44% (Lisbon) to 100% (Berlin, Istanbul) of all accruing rainwater roof–runoff, if water shortages in dry months are bridged by greywater. Then, 27–53% of the greywater accruing in a building could be managed on its greened surface. In conclusion, we address the gaps in the current knowledge and policies identified in the different stages of analyses, such as the lack of comprehensive life cycle assessment studies that quantify the complete “water footprint” of building greening systems.

【 授权许可】

Unknown