Flexibility of Electric Vehicle Demand: Analysis of Measured Charging Data and Simulation for the Future

World Electric Vehicle Journal

Wilfried G.J.H.M. van Sark¹  Marte K. Gerritsma¹  Tarek A. AlSkaif¹  Henk A. Fidder² 

[1] Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands;Stedin Netbeheer B.V., Postbus 49, 3000 AA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;

关键词: electric vehicles;    demand flexibility;    smart charging;    charging power;    Monte Carlo simulation;   

DOI  :  10.3390/wevj10010014

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

This paper proposes a method for analyzing and simulating the time-dependent flexibility of electric vehicle (EV) demand. This flexibility is influenced by charging power, which depends on the charging stations, the EV characteristics, and several environmental factors. Detailed charging station data from a Dutch case study have been analysed and used as input for a simulation. In the simulation, the interdependencies between plug-in time, connection duration, and required energy are respected. The data analysis of measured data reveals that 59% of the aggregated EV demand can be delayed for more than 8 h, and 16% for even more than 24 h. The evening peak shows high flexibility, confirming the feasibility of congestion management using smart charging within flexibility constraints. The results from the simulation show that the average daily EV demand increases by a factor 21 between the ‘Present-day’ and the ‘High’ scenario, while the maximum EV demand peak increases only by a factor 6, as a result of the limited simultaneity of the transactions. Further, simulations using the average charging power of individual measured transactions yield more accurate results than simulations using a fixed value for charging power. The proposed method for simulating future EV flexibility provides a basis for testing different smart charging algorithms.

【 授权许可】

Unknown