Developmental Exposure to the Flame Retardant Mixture Firemaster 550 Compromises Adult Bone Integrity in Male but not Female Rats

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Brian Horman¹  HeatherB. Patisaul¹  KylieD. Rock¹  Jamal Moss¹  MarianaS. Santos²  RaphaelE. Szawka³  VirgíniaT. M. Lima⁴  Soraia Macari⁴ 

[1] Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;

关键词: obesogen;    endocrine disrupting chemicals;    sex difference;    adipose;    trabecular;    cortical bone;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms21072553

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Flame retardants (FRs) are used in a variety of common items from furniture to carpet to electronics to reduce flammability and combustion, but the potential toxicity of these compounds is raising health concerns globally. Organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) are becoming more prevalent as older, brominated FRs are phased out, but the toxicity of these compounds, and the FR mixtures that contain them, is poorly understood. Work in a variety of in vitro model systems has suggested that FRs may induce metabolic reprogramming such that bone density is compromised at the expense of increasing adiposity. To address this hypothesis, the present studies maternally exposed Wistar rat dams orally across gestation and lactation to 1000 µg daily of the FR mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) which contains a mixture of brominated FRs and OPFRs. At six months of age, the offspring of both sexes were examined for evidence of compromised bone composition. Bone density, composition, and marrow were all significantly affected, but only in males. The fact that the phenotype was observed months after exposure suggests that FM 550 altered some fundamental aspect of mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming. The severity of the phenotype and the human-relevance of the dose employed, affirm this is an adverse outcome meriting further exploration.

【 授权许可】

Unknown