Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation

PeerJ

Susan M. Cheyne¹  Christoph Schwitzer²  Leonardo Oliveira³  Steig Johnson⁴  Paul A. Garber⁵  Agustin Fuentes⁶  Sidney Gouveia⁷  Vincent Nijman⁸  K.A.I. Nekaris⁸  Ricardo Dobrovolski⁹  Christian Roos^1,10  Elizabeth A. Williamson^1,11  Fiona Maisels^1,12  Russell A. Mittermeier^1,13  Anthony B. Rylands^1,13  Jatna Supriatna^1,14  Jonah Ratsimbazafy^1,15  Alejandro Estrada^1,16  Leandro Jerusalinsky^1,17  Ramesh Boonratana^1,18  Brigitte Raharivololona^1,19  Julio Bicca-Marques^2,20  Serge Wich^2,21  Arif Setiawan^2,22  Made Wedana^2,23  Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo^2,24  Mauricio Talebi^2,25  Maria Cecilia Martins Kierulff^2,26 

[1] Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangka Raya, Indonesia;Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, UK;Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (DCIEN/FFP/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA;Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA;Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil;Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK;Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil;Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany;Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK;Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA;Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, USA;Graduate Program in Conservation Biology, Department of Biology FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia;Groupe d’étude et de recherche sur les primates (Gerp), Antananarivo, Madagascar;Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico;Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, Brazil;Mahidol University International College, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand;Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar;Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;School of Natural Sciences and Psychology and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Liverpool John Moores University and University of Amsterdam, Liverpool, UK;SwaraOwa, Coffee and Primate Conservation Project, Java, Central Java, Indonesia;The Aspinall Foundation–Indonesia Program, Bandung West Java, Indonesia;Universidade Federal de Goiás and Dept. Eng. Florestal, Campus UFV, UFV, Viçosa, Brazil, Jataí Viçosa, Brazil;Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil;Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Instituto Pri-Matas and Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;

关键词: Deforestation;    Logging;    Hunting;    Poaching;    Illegal trade;    Protected areas;   

DOI  :  10.7717/peerj.4869

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% of the world’s primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.

【 授权许可】

Unknown