Disaster Risk Management, Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines, and Sanitation Challenges in South Africa

Sustainability

Jozef Ristvej¹  Kevin Whittington-Jones²  Mushtaque Ahmed³  Phindile Madikizela⁴  Shafick Hoossein⁴  Nhamo Mutingwende⁴  Roman Tandlich⁴  Richard K. Laubscher⁵ 

[1] Department of Crisis Management, Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia;Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa;Department of Soils, Water and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman;Disaster Management and Ethics Research Group (DMERG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa;Institute for Environmental Biotechnology (EBRU), Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa;

关键词: faecal sludge;    mechanisms of stabilisation;    risk equation;    health-related impacts of disasters;    pit latrines;    WASH;   

DOI  :  10.3390/su14116934

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The current paper provides a review and meta-analysis of the practical implications of disaster risk management related to the ventilated improved latrines in South Africa. This technology is evaluated through its legacy and novel challenges of disaster risk reduction. In the current article, the methodology adopted was a literature review and meta-analyses. The results indicate that the in-situ treatment and breakdown of faecal sludge in the ventilated improved pit latrines is not always taking place and that anaerobic digestion might not always be feasible. New strategies are proposed to manage the sanitation-related risks in South Africa by specifying more exact dimensions for the newly built ventilated improved pit latrines by suggesting the use of novel sanitation additives such as fly ash to enhance on-site and in situ treatment, as well as ex situ treatment of the pit latrine faecal sludge. Regular maintenance can lead to prevention of the dysfunctional character of the ventilated improved pit latrines as a functional sanitation technology and a user-friendly hygiene barrier to the spread of sanitation/WASH-related epidemics or infectious diseases. The implementation of the novel strategies should be enhanced by the application of the (Environmental) Technology Assessment in sanitation service delivery in South Africa.

【 授权许可】

Unknown