Anthropogenic Photolabile Chlorine in the Cold-Climate City of Montreal

Atmosphere

Ryan Hall¹  ParisaA. Ariya¹  Oleg Nepotchatykh²  Evguenia Nepotchatykh² 

[1] Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada;PO-Laboratories, 609 McCaffrey Street, Saint-Laurent, QC H4T 1N3, Canada;

关键词: atmospheric photolabile chlorine;    urban troposphere;    anthropogenic chlorine;    portable miniaturized trapping technique;    gas chromatography mass spectrometry;   

DOI  :  10.3390/atmos11080812

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Chlorine atoms play a key role in the oxidative potential of the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycling of selected elements. This study provides a decadal analysis (2010−2019) of chloride ions in PM_2.5 particles in the city of Montreal, where these are most concentrated systematically in the winter (up to 1.6 µg/m³). We also herein present the measurement of photolabile chlorine, which includes chlorine-containing compounds (e.g., Cl₂, HOCl, ClNO₂, ClNO₃, and BrCl) that release chlorine atoms upon interaction with radiation, in urban Montreal, Canada using Cl2-RPGE (Cl2 Reactive Phase Gas Extraction) tubes and quantifying the chlorinated product by GC-MS. Photolabile chlorine in urban Montreal was measured during a discontinuous period primarily in summer 2018 and winter 2019 with a time resolution of 30 min, with concentrations ranging from 3 to 545 ng/m³ expressed as Cl₂. The reported values are considered lower limits, as compounds such as HOCl and ClNO₂ can only be partially converted in the current setup. The largest peak of gaseous photolabile chlorine occurred in the winter, when significant sources of anthropogenic salt are used in snow removal in the city. This coincides with observed chloride ion measurements in airborne particles, implying that anthropogenic salt addition produces photoactive chlorine. The maximum chlorine signal was consistently obtained during the daytime, which is in accordance with the tropospheric radiation profile. Complementary photochemistry laboratory experiments indicated that upon tropospheric radiation (340 ≤ λ ≤ 400 nm; UVA), an increase (20–100%) was observed, confirming the formation of Cl atoms from photolabile chlorine compounds. Thus, this portable technique is adequate for Cl atoms and photolabile chlorine-containing compounds upon photolysis using UVA lamps. High-resolution S/TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate collected particle morphology and composition. The behavior of complementary pollutants (O₃, CO, PM_2.5, and NO_x) was also briefly discussed. We herein discuss the measurement of photolabile halogens within a northern urban metropolitan environment and the impact of anthropogenic sources on chlorine concentrations.

【 授权许可】

Unknown