Metastatic Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Therapies and Ongoing Trials

Cancers

Timothy Anders Olsen¹  Katherine Case¹  Tony Zibo Zhuang¹  Jacqueline T. Brown²  Wayne Harris²  Jamie Goldman²  Omer Kucuk²  Mehmet Asim Bilen²  Bradley C. Carthon²  Bassel Nazha² 

[1] School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;

关键词: clear-cell renal cell carcinoma;    immunotherapy;    immune checkpoint inhibitor;    nivolumab;    ipilimumab;    pembrolizumab;   

DOI  :  10.3390/cancers14122867

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now the bedrock for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) represents the most common subtype of this malignancy. Herein, we explore the therapeutic landscape of ccRCC by discussing the standard of care whose backbone consists of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (VEGF). For ccRCC, pembrolizumab-axitinib, pembrolizumab-lenvatinib, and avelumab-axitinib or nivolumab-cabozantinib are now FDA-approved frontline options for all risk groups while nivolumab-ipilimumab is reserved for intermediate- and poor-risk groups. Monotherapy with pembrolizumab or nivolumab is a potential option for patients who are unable to take VEGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. While outcomes have improved with the adoption of ICI therapies, many patients develop therapy-resistant disease, creating an unmet need for further investigation. The efficacy of novel therapies as well as novel combinations in the post-ICI era is unclear. This review summarizes the most significant clinical trials involving dual ICI/ICI and ICI/VEGFR therapies, in addition to other selected combination therapies that are likely to inform management in the near future.

【 授权许可】

Unknown