The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites

Polymers

Norkhairunnisa Mazlan¹  AdlinSabrina Muhammad Roseley²  SengHua Lee³  ParidahMd Tahir³  S.M. Sapuan³  FatimahAthiyah Sabaruddin³  Khalina Abdan³  R.A. Ilyas⁴  Abdul Khalil HPS⁵ 

[1] Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia;Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia;Institute Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Jalan Asam Jawa, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia;School of Chemical and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia;School of Industrial Technology, Building G07, Persiaran Sains, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia;

关键词: lignin;    sulfation;    compatibilizer;    thermal stability;    bleaching;    hybrid nanocomposites;   

DOI  :  10.3390/polym13010116

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via a melt mixing compounding process. The result showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was generally affected by the presence of lignin in NCC-UB and sulfate group on the surface of NCC-B. The residual lignin in NCC-UB appeared to overcome the poor thermal stability of the composites that was caused by sulfation during the hydrolysis process. The lignin helped to promote the late degradation of the nanocomposites, with the melting temperature occurring at a relatively higher temperature of 219.1 °C for PP/NCC-UB, compared to 185.9 °C for PP/NCC-B. Between the two types of nanocomposites, PP/NCC-B had notably lower thermo-mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the poor bonding and dispersion properties of the NCC-B in the nanocomposites blend. The PP/NCC-UB showed better thermal properties due to the effect of residual lignin, which acted as a compatibilizer between NCC-UB and polymer matrix, thus improved the bonding properties. The residual lignin in PP/NCC-UB helped to promote char formation and slowed down the burning process, thus increasing the flame resistance of the nanocomposites. Overall, the residual lignin on the surface of NCC-UB appeared to aid better stability on the thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites.

【 授权许可】

Unknown