Primary Motor Cortex Excitability in Karate Athletes: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

Frontiers in Physiology

Christian Zammit¹  Monica Gelzo²  Luigi Cipolloni³  Giuseppe Cibelli⁴  Anna Valenzano⁴  Monica Salerno⁴  Antonio I. Triggiani⁴  Giovanni Messina⁴  Francesco Sessa⁴  Fiorenzo Moscatelli⁴  Marcellino Monda⁵  Antonietta Messina⁵  Vincenzo Monda⁵  Maria Ruberto⁶  Andrea Viggiano⁷  Marco Carotenuto⁸  Francesco Precenzano⁸  Laura Capranica⁹  Vincenzo De Luca^1,10  Gabriella Marsala^1,11 

[1] 0Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of MaltaMsida, Malta;1Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy;Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma La SapienzaRome, Italy;Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy;Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”Naples, Italy;Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”Naples, Italy;Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of SalernoSalerno, Italy;Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”Naples, Italy;Department of Motor, Human and Health Science, University of Rome, “Foro Italico”Rome, Italy;Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada;Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero-UniversitariaFoggia, Italy;

关键词: neural plasticity;    transcranial magnetic stimulation;    cortical excitability;    motor threshold;    motor evoked potential;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fphys.2017.00695

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Purpose: The mechanisms involved in the coordination of muscle activity are not completely known: to investigate adaptive changes in human motor cortex Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was often used. The sport models are frequently used to study how the training may affect the corticospinal system excitability: Karate represents a valuable sport model for this kind of investigations for its high levels of coordination required to athletes. This study was aimed at examining possible changes in the resting motor threshold (rMT) and in the corticospinal response in karate athletes, and at determining whether athletes are characterized by a specific value of rMT.Methods: We recruited 25 right-handed young karate athletes and 25 matched non-athletes. TMS was applied to primary motor cortex (M1). Motor evoked potential (MEP) were recorded by two electrodes placed above the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We considered MEP latencies and amplitudes at rMT, 110% of rMT, and 120% of rMT.Results: The two groups were similar for age (p > 0.05), height (p > 0.05) and body mass (p > 0.05). The TMS had a 70-mm figure-of-eight coil and a maximum output of 2.2 T, placed over the left motor cortex. During the stimulation, a mechanical arm kept the coil tangential to the scalp, with the handle at 45° respect to the midline. The SofTaxic navigator system (E.M.S. Italy, www.emsmedical.net) was used in order to correctly identifying and repeating the stimulation for every subject. Compared to non-athletes, athletes showed a lower resting motor threshold (p < 0.001). Furthermore, athletes had a lower MEP latency (p < 0.001) and a higher MEP amplitude (p < 0.001) compared to non-athletes. Moreover, a ROC curve for rMT was found significant (area: 0.907; sensitivity 84%, specificity 76%).Conclusions: As the main finding, the present study showed significant differences in cortical excitability between athletes and non-athletes. The training can improve cortical excitability inducing athletes' modifications, as demonstrated in rMT and MEP values. These finding support the hypothesis that the sport practice determines specific brain organizations in relationship with the sport challenges.

【 授权许可】

Unknown