Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Julia Feichtinger¹  Jelena Krstic¹  Karoline Fechter²  Alexander JA. Deutsch²  Marta Szmyra²  Katrin Pansy²  Barbara Uhl²  Hildegard Greinix²  Katharina Prochazka²  Lea Thüminger²  Julia Kargl³  Ana Santiso³ 

[1] Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria;Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 38, 8036 Graz, Austria;Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria;

关键词: tumor microenvironment;    anti-tumor immune responses;    immune evasion;    immune checkpoint;    cytokines;    metabolism;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms222413311

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.

【 授权许可】

Unknown