Variability of the Red River Plume in the Gulf of Tonkin as Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Clustering Analysis

Frontiers in Marine Science

Manh Cuong Tran¹  Violaine Piton²  Pierre De Mey-Frémaux³  Patrick Marsaleix³  Nadia K. Ayoub³  Florence Toublanc³  Thomas Duhaut³  Marine Herrmann⁴  Tung Nguyen-Duy⁴  Thanh Ngo-Duc⁴ 

[1] Center for Oceanography, Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands, Hanoi, Vietnam;Ecological Engineering Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France;LOTUS Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam;Laboratory of Oceanology and Geosciences, CNRS UMR 8187, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, University of Lille, IRD, Wimereux, France;

关键词: Red River;    river plume;    coastal ocean modeling;    K-means;    clustering analysis;    passive tracers;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fmars.2021.772139

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

We study the daily to interannual variability of the Red River plume in the Gulf of Tonkin from numerical simulations at high resolution over 6 years (2011–2016). Compared with observational data, the model results show good performance. To identify the plume, passive tracers are used in order to (1) help distinguish the freshwater coming from different continental sources, including the Red River branches, and (2) avoid the low salinity effect due to precipitation. We first consider the buoyant plume formed by the Red River waters and three other nearby rivers along the Vietnamese coast. We show that the temporal evolution of the surface coverage of the plume is correlated with the runoff (within a lag), but that the runoff only cannot explain the variability of the river plume; other processes, such as winds and tides, are involved. Using a K-means unsupervised machine learning algorithm, the main patterns of the plume and their evolution in time are analyzed and linked to different environmental conditions. In winter, the plume is narrow and sticks along the coast most of the time due to the downcoast current and northeasterly wind. In early summer, the southwesterly monsoon wind makes the plume flow offshore. The plume reaches its highest coverage in September after the peak of runoff. Vertically, the plume thickness also shows seasonal variations. In winter, the plume is narrow and mixed over the whole water depth, while in summer, the plume can be detached both from the bottom and the coast. The plume can deepen offshore in summer, due to strong wind (in May, June) or specifically to a recurrent eddy occurring near 19°N (in August). This first analysis of the variability of the Red River plume can be used to provide a general picture of the transport of materials from the river to the ocean, for example in case of anthropogenic chemical substances leaked to the river. For this purpose, we provide maps of the receiving basins for the different river systems in the Gulf of Tonkin.

【 授权许可】

Unknown