Psychedelic Fauna for Psychonaut Hunters: A Mini-Review

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Domenico De Berardis¹  Laura Orsolini⁴  Amira Guirguis⁵  John M. Corkery⁵  Duccio Papanti⁵  Fabrizio Schifano⁵  Michela Ciccarese⁶ 

[1] Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy;NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, Teramo, Italy;Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy;Polyedra, Teramo, Italy;Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom;Servizio per Dipendenze Patologiche, Department of Mental Health and Pathological Dependences, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, Italy;

关键词: psychedelic animals;    psychedelics;    NPS;    novel psychoactive substances;    hallucinogens;    psychedelic fauna;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00153

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Currently different classes of psychoactive substances are easily available for abuse, including several hundred novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Some of these drugs occur naturally in plants and animals or are chemically modified from plant or animal compounds and have been abused by humans over millennia. Recently, the occurrence of a new “drug culture” (e.g., psychonauts) who consume a great variety of NPS with hallucinogenic/psychedelic properties, facilitated the development of a new “psychedelic trend” toward the consumption of substances contained in some species of animals (“psychedelic fauna”). The present review aims at providing an overview of the most commonly abused “psychedelic animals,” by combining a dual search strategy coming from online psychonauts' experiences and English literature searches on the PubMed/Medline Google Scholar databases. A multilingual qualitative assessment on a range of websites and online resources was performed in order to identify a list of animals who possess some psychoactive properties and could be abused by humans for recreational purposes. Several species are implicated (i.e., ants, amphibians, fish). Routes of administration depend on the animal, substance included, metabolism, toxicity and individual, social and cultural variability. Online purchase and access are easy through tourism-related search strategies (“frog trip,” “help of charmer snake,” “religious trip”).

【 授权许可】

Unknown