Online Information of Vaccines: Information Quality, Not Only Privacy, Is an Ethical Responsibility of Search Engines

Frontiers in Medicine

Gonzalo Casino¹  Peter G. Bannister¹  Mariarosaria Taddeo³  Pierre R. Smeesters⁴  Pietro Ghezzi⁵  Alessia Catalani⁶  Luciano Floridi⁷  Jessica Morley⁷  Michel Goldman⁸  Marie Neunez⁹  Andreu Prados-Bo⁹  Tania Vanzolini^1,11 

[1] Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom;0The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom;Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain;;Brighton &Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain;Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy;Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain;Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in Healthcare (I3h), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;

关键词: search engines;    vaccines;    health information;    information quality;    privacy;    misinformation;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fmed.2020.00400

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The fact that Internet companies may record our personal data and track our online behavior for commercial or political purpose has emphasized aspects related to online privacy. This has also led to the development of search engines that promise no tracking and privacy. Search engines also have a major role in spreading low-quality health information such as that of anti-vaccine websites. This study investigates the relationship between search engines' approach to privacy and the scientific quality of the information they return. We analyzed the first 30 webpages returned searching “vaccines autism” in English, Spanish, Italian, and French. The results show that not only “alternative” search engines (Duckduckgo, Ecosia, Qwant, Swisscows, and Mojeek) but also other commercial engines (Bing, Yahoo) often return more anti-vaccine pages (10–53%) than Google.com (0%). Some localized versions of Google, however, returned more anti-vaccine webpages (up to 10%) than Google.com. Health information returned by search engines has an impact on public health and, specifically, in the acceptance of vaccines. The issue of information quality when seeking information for making health-related decisions also impact the ethical aspect represented by the right to an informed consent. Our study suggests that designing a search engine that is privacy savvy and avoids issues with filter bubbles that can result from user-tracking is necessary but insufficient; instead, mechanisms should be developed to test search engines from the perspective of information quality (particularly for health-related webpages) before they can be deemed trustworthy providers of public health information.

【 授权许可】

Unknown