Challenges of the Immunotherapy: Perspectives and Limitations of the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Tomasz Dzieciątkowski¹  Paula Dobosz²  Maria Stępień³  Anna Golke⁴ 

[1]Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland

[2]Department of Genetics and Genomics, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior Affairs and Administration in Warsaw, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland

[3]Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland

[4]Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

关键词: checkpoint inhibitors;    immunotherapy;    cancer;    tumour microenvironment;    immune system;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms23052847

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Immunotherapy is a quickly developing type of treatment and the future of therapy in oncology. This paper is a review of recent findings in the field of immunotherapy with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors. The challenges that immunotherapy might face in near future, such as primary and acquired resistance and the irAEs, are described in this article, as well as the perspectives such as identification of environmental modifiers of immunity and development of anti-cancer vaccines and combined therapies. There are multiple factors that may be responsible for immunoresistance, such as genomic factors, factors related to the immune system cells or to the cancer microenvironment, factors emerging from the host cells, as well as other factors such as advanced age, biological sex, diet, many hormones, existing comorbidities, and the gut microbiome.

【 授权许可】

Unknown