Deep Learning for Approaching Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ultrasound Screening Dilemma: Identification of α-Fetoprotein-Negative Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Focal Liver Lesion Found in High-Risk Patients

Frontiers in Oncology

Wen-ping Wang¹  Si-ze Hou²  Feng Mao³  Yan-ling Chen³  Yi Dong³  Wei-bin Zhang⁴  Jian-gang Chen⁵ 

[1] Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China;Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom;Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China;Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan hospital of Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, China;;Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication &

关键词: deep learning;    ultrasound;    AFP negative;    hepatocellular carcinoma;    focal liver lesion;    focal nodular hyperplasia;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fonc.2022.862297

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundFirst-line surveillance on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected populations with B-mode ultrasound is relatively limited to identifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without elevated α-fetoprotein (AFP). To improve the present HCC surveillance strategy, the state of the art of artificial intelligence (AI), a deep learning (DL) approach, is proposed to assist in the diagnosis of a focal liver lesion (FLL) in HBV-infected liver background.MethodsOur proposed deep learning model was based on B-mode ultrasound images of surgery that proved 209 HCC and 198 focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) cases with 413 lesions. The model cohort and test cohort were set at a ratio of 3:1, in which the test cohort was composed of AFP-negative HBV-infected cases. Four additional deep learning models (MobileNet, Resnet50, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3) were also constructed as comparative baselines. To evaluate the models in terms of diagnostic power, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, confusion matrix, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated in the test cohort.ResultsThe AUC of our model, Xception, achieved 93.68% in the test cohort, superior to other baselines (89.06%, 85.67%, 83.94%, and 78.13% respectively for MobileNet, Resnet50, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3). In terms of diagnostic power, our model showed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score of 96.08%, 76.92%, 86.41%, and 87.50%, respectively, and PPV, NPV, FPR, and FNR calculated from the confusion matrix were respectively 80.33%, 95.24%, 23.08%, and 3.92% in identifying AFP-negative HCC from HBV-infected FLL cases. Satisfactory robustness of our proposed model was shown based on 5-fold cross-validation performed among the models above.ConclusionsOur DL approach has great potential to assist B-mode ultrasound in identifying AFP-negative HCC from FLL found in surveillance of HBV-infected patients.

【 授权许可】

Unknown